Identification of T-Waves in the Alboran Sea     

Enrique Carmona  Javier Almendros  Gerardo Alguacil  Juan Ignacio Soto  Francisco Luzón  Jesús M. Ibáñez 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2015,172(11):3179-3188

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Fire severity and surface rock fragments cause patchy distribution of soil water repellency and infiltration rates after burning   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

Ángel J. Gordillo‐Rivero  Jorge García‐Moreno  Antonio Jordán  Lorena M. Zavala  Fernando M. Granja‐Martins 《水文研究》2014,28(24):5832-5843

Although fire‐induced soil water repellency (SWR) and its effects on soil hydrology and geomorphology have been studied in detail, very few studies have considered the effect of rock fragments resting on the soil surface or partly embedded in soil. In this research, we have studied the effect of rock fragments on the strength and spatial distribution of fire‐induced SWR at different fire severities. A fire‐affected area was selected for this experiment and classified into different zones according to fire severity (unburned, low, moderate and high) and rock fragment cover (low, <20% and high, >60%). During 7 days after fire, SWR and infiltration rates were assessed in the soil surface covered by individual rock fragments and in the midpoint between two adjacent rock fragments (with maximum spacing of 20 cm). SWR increased with fire severity. Rock fragments resting on the soil surface increased the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of fire‐induced SWR. SWR increased significantly with rock fragment cover in bare areas under moderate and high fire severity, but quantitatively important changes were only observed under high fire severity. In areas with a low rock fragment cover, water repellency from soil surfaces covered by rock fragments increased relative to bare soil surfaces, with increasing SWR. In areas with a high rock fragment cover, SWR increased significantly from non‐covered to covered soil surfaces only after low‐severity burning. Rock fragment cover did not affect infiltration rates, although it decreased significantly in soil surfaces after high‐severity burning in areas under low and high rock fragment cover. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Foreword special issue LORCA’s earthquake     

Enrique Alarcón  Mª Belén Benito Oterino 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(5):1827-1829

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Performance of buildings with masonry infill walls during the 2011 Lorca earthquake   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Lutz Hermanns  Alberto Fraile  Enrique Alarcón  Ramón Álvarez 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(5):1977-1997

On Wednesday 11th May 2011 at 6:47 pm (local time) a magnitude 5.1 Mw earthquake occurred 6 km northeast of Lorca with a depth of around 5 km. As a consequence of the shallow depth and the small epicentral distance, important damage was produced in several masonry constructions and even led to the collapse of one of them. Pieces of the facades of several buildings fell down onto the sidewalk, being one of the reasons for the killing of a total of 9 people. The objective of this paper is to describe and analyze the failure patterns observed in reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry infill walls ranging from 3 to 8 floors in height. Structural as well as non-structural masonry walls suffered important damage that led to redistributions of forces causing in some cases the failure of columns. The importance of the interaction between the structural frames and the infill panels is analyzed by means of non-linear Finite Element Models. The resulting load levels are compared with the member capacities and the changes of the mechanical properties during the seismic event are described and discussed. In the light of the results obtained the observed failure patterns are explained. Some comments are stated concerning the adequacy of the numerical models that are usually used during the design phase for the seismic analysis.  相似文献   

Tectonic setting of the recent damaging seismic series in the Southeastern Betic Cordillera,Spain     

Emilio Rodríguez-Escudero  José J. Martínez-Díaz  José A. Álvarez-Gómez  Juan M. Insua-Arévalo  Ramón Capote del Villar 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(5):1831-1854

In this work we analyze the tectonic setting of the recent damaging seismic series occurred in the Internal Zones of the eastern Betic Cordillera (SE Spain) and surrounding areas, the tectonic region where took place the 11th May 2011 Mw 5.2 Lorca earthquake. We revisit and make a synthesis of the seven largest and damaging seismic series occurred from 1984 to 2011. We analyze their seismotectonic setting, and their geological sources under the light of recent advances in the knowledge on active faults, neotectonics, seismotectonics and stress regime, with special attention focused on the Lorca Earthquake. These seismic series are characterized by two types of focal mechanisms, produced mainly by two sets of active faults, NNW–SSE to NNE–SSW small (no larger than 20–30 km) extensional faults with some strike slip component, and E–W to NE–SW large strike slip faults (more than 50 km long) with some compressional component (oblique slip faults). The normal fault earthquakes related to the smaller faults are dominant in the interior of large crustal tectonic blocks that are bounded by the large E–W to NE–SW strike-slip faults. The strike slip earthquakes are associated to the reactivation of segments or intersegment regions of the large E–W to NE–SW faults bounding those crustal tectonic blocks. Most of the seismic series studied in this work can be interpreted as part of the background seismicity that occurs within the crustal blocks that are strained under a transpressional regime driven by the major strike slip shear corridors bounding the blocks. The seismotectonic analysis and the phenomenology of the studied series indicate that it is usual the occurrence of damaging compound earthquakes of M  \(\sim \)  5.0 associated with triggering processes driven by coseismic stress transfer. These processes mainly occur in the seismic series generated by NNW–SSE to NNE–SSW faults. These mechanical interaction processes may induce a higher frequency of occurrence of this kind of earthquakes than considered in traditional probabilistic seismic hazard assessments and it should be taken into account in future seismic hazard assessments.  相似文献   

Immobilisation of Pb and Zn in Soils Using Stabilised Zero‐valent Iron Nanoparticles: Effects on Soil Properties          下载免费PDF全文

María Mar Gil‐Díaz  Araceli Pérez‐Sanz  María Ángeles Vicente  María Carmen Lobo 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(12):1776-1784

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Estimation of the spectral parameter kappa in the region of the Gulf of California,Mexico     

Raúl R. Castro  Lenin Ávila-Barrientos 《Journal of Seismology》2015,19(4):809-829

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Numerical simulation of the 30–45 ka debris avalanche flow of Montagne Pelée volcano,Martinique: from volcano flank collapse to submarine emplacement     

Brunet  Morgane  Moretti  Laurent  Le Friant  Anne  Mangeney  Anne  Fernández Nieto  Enrique Domingo  Bouchut  Francois 《Natural Hazards》2017,85(2):1189-1208

Natural Hazards - In November 2015, China government announced that the national carbon emissions trading market is expected to start in 2017. Carbon emission trading system is a raising concern...  相似文献   

Using very long-range terrestrial laser scanner to analyze the temporal consistency of the snowpack distribution in a high mountain environment     

Juan I. López-Moreno  Jesús Revuelto  E. Alonso-González  Alba Sanmiguel-Vallelado  Steven R. Fassnacht  Jeffrey Deems  Enrique Morán-Tejeda 《山地科学学报》2017,14(5):823-842

This study demonstrated the usefulness of very long-range terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for analysis of the spatial distribution of a snowpack, to distances up to 3000 m, one of the longest measurement range reported to date. Snow depth data were collected using a terrestrial laser scanner during 11 periods of snow accumulation and melting, over three snow seasons on a Pyrenean hillslope characterized by a large elevational gradient, steep slopes, and avalanche occurrence. The maximum and mean absolute snow depth error found was 0.5-0.6 and 0.2-0.3 m respectively, which may result problematic for areas with a shallow snowpack, but it is sufficiently accurate to determine snow distribution patterns in areas characterized by a thick snowpack. The results indicated that in most cases there was temporal consistency in the spatial distribution of the snowpack, even in different years. The spatial patterns were particularly similar amongst the surveys conducted during the period dominated by snow accumulation (generally until end of April), or amongst those conducted during the period dominated by melting processes (generally after mid of April or early May). Simple linear correlation analyses for the 11 survey dates, and the application of Random Forests analysis to two days representative of snow accumulation and melting periods indicated the importance of topography to the snow distribution. The results also highlight that elevation and the Topographic Position index (TPI) were the main variables explaining the snow distribution, especially during periods dominated by melting. The intra- and inter-annual spatial consistency of the snowpack distribution suggests that the geomorphological processes linked to presence/absence of snow cover act in a similar way in the long term, and that these spatial patterns can be easily identified through several years of adequate monitoring.  相似文献   

Pelagic resources landings in central-southern Chile under the A2 climate change scenarios     

Eleuterio Yáñez  Francisco Plaza  Claudio Silva  Felipe Sánchez  María Ángela Barbieri  Antonio Aranis 《Ocean Dynamics》2016,66(10):1333-1351

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