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排序方式: 共有399条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
141.
Franck Bourrier Frédéric Berger Pascal Tardif Luuk Dorren Oldrich Hungr 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(6):656-665
The accuracy of rockfall trajectory simulations mainly rests on the calculation of the rebound of fragments following their impact on the slope. This paper is dedicated to the comparative analysis of two rebound modelling approaches currently used in rockfall simulation using field experiments of single rebounds. The two approaches consist in either modelling the rock as a single material point (lumped mass approach) or in explicitly accounting for the fragment shape (rigid body approach). A lumped mass model accounting for the coupling between translational and rotational velocities and introducing a slope perturbation angle was used. A rigid body approach modelling the rocks as rigid locally deformable (in the vicinity of the contact surface) assemblies of spheres was chosen. The comparative analysis of the rebound models shows that both of them are efficient with only a few parameters. The main limitation of each approach are the calibration of the value of the slope perturbation (‘roughness’) angle, for the lumped mass approach, and the estimation of the rock length and height from field geological and historical analyses, for the rigid body approach. Finally, both rebound models require being improved in a pragmatic manner to better predict the rotational velocities distribution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
142.
Franck Lavigne Raphaël Paris Delphine Grancher Patrick Wassmer Daniel Brunstein Franck Vautier Frédéric Leone François Flohic Benjamin De Coster Taufik Gunawan Christopher Gomez Anggri Setiawan Rino Cahyadi Fachrizal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(1-2):259-281
This paper presents the results from an extensive field data collection effort following the December 26, 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Banda Aceh, Sumatra. The data were collected under the auspices of TSUNARISQUE, a joint French-Indonesian program dedicated to tsunami research and hazard mitigation, which has been active since before the 2004 event. In total, data from three months of field investigations are presented, which detail important aspects of the tsunami inundation dynamics in Banda Aceh. These include measurements of runup, tsunami wave heights, flow depths, flow directions, event chronology and building damage patterns. The result is a series of detailed inundation maps of the northern and western coasts of Sumatra including Banda Aceh and Lhok Nga. Among the more important findings, we obtained consistent accounts that approximately ten separate waves affected the region after the earthquake; this indicates a high-frequency component of the tsunami wave energy in the extreme near-field. The largest tsunami wave heights were on the order of 35 m with a maximum runup height of 51 m. This value is the highest runup value measured in human history for a seismically generated tsunami. In addition, our field investigations show a significant discontinuity in the tsunami wave heights and flow depths along a line approximately 3 km inland, which the authors interpret to be the location of the collapse of the main tsunami bore caused by sudden energy dissipation. The propagating bore looked like a breaking wave from the landward side although it has distinct characteristics. Patterns of building damage are related to the location of the propagating bore with overall less damage to buildings beyond the line where the bore collapsed. This data set was built to be of use to the tsunami community for the purposes of calibrating and improving existing tsunami inundation models, especially in the analysis of extreme near-field events. 相似文献
143.
Andrés Peñuela Frédéric Darboux Mathieu Javaux Charles L. Bielders 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(11):1595-1613
Soil surface roughness not only delays overland flow generation but also strongly affects the spatial distribution and concentration of overland flow. Previous studies generally aimed at predicting the delay in overland flow generation by means of a single parameter characterizing soil roughness. However, little work has been done to find a link between soil roughness and overland flow dynamics. This is made difficult because soil roughness and hence overland flow characteristics evolve differently depending on whether diffuse or concentrated erosion dominates. The present study examined whether the concept of connectivity can be used to link roughness characteristics to overland flow dynamics. For this purpose, soil roughness of three 30‐m2 tilled plots exposed to natural rainfall was monitored for two years. Soil micro‐topography was characterized by means of photogrammetry on a monthly basis. Soil roughness was characterized by the variogram, the surface stream network was characterized by network‐based indices and overland flow connectivity was characterized by Relative Surface Connection function (RSCf) functional connectivity indicator. Overland flow hydrographs were generated by means of a physically‐based overland flow model based on 1‐cm resolution digital elevation models. The development of eroded flow paths at the soil surface not only reduced the delay in overland flow generation but also resulted in a higher continuity of high flow velocity paths, an increase in erosive energy and a higher rate of increase of the overland flow hydrograph. Overland flow dynamics were found to be highly correlated to the RSCf characteristic points. By providing information regarding overland flow dynamics, the RSCf may thus serve as a quantitative link between soil roughness and overland flow generation in order to improve the overland flow hydrograph prediction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
144.
Pressure and shear stress caused by raindrop impact at the soil surface: Scaling laws depending on the water depth
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Amina Nouhou Bako Frédéric Darboux François James Christophe Josserand Carine Lucas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(9):1199-1210
Raindrop impact is an important process in soil erosion. Through its pressure and shear stress, raindrop impact causes a significant detachment of the soil material, making this material available for transport by sheet flow. Thanks to the accurate Navier–Stokes equations solver Gerris, we simulate the impact of a single raindrop of diameter D, at terminal velocity, on water layers of different thickness h: , , D, 2D, in order to study pressures and shear stresses involved in raindrop erosion. These complex numerical simulations help in understanding precisely the dynamics of the raindrop impact, quantifying in particular the pressure and the shear stress fields. A detailed analysis of these fields is performed and self‐similar structures are identified for the pressure and the shear stress on the soil surface. The evolution of these self‐similar structures are investigated as the aspect ratio h/D varies. We find that the pressure and the shear stress have a specific dependence on the ratio between the drop diameter and the water layer thickness, and that the scaling laws recently proposed in fluid mechanics are also applicable to raindrops, paving the road to obtain effective models of soil erosion by raindrops. In particular, we obtain a scaling law formula for the dependence of the maximum shear stress on the soil on the water depth, a quantity that is crucial for quantifying erosion materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
145.
Populus nigra L. establishment and fluvial landform construction: biogeomorphic dynamics within a channelized river
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Dov Corenblit Johannes Steiger Gaspard Charrier José Darrozes Virginia Garófano‐Gómez Alexandre Garreau Eduardo González Angela M. Gurnell Borbála Hortobágyi Frédéric Julien Luc Lambs Sébastien Larrue Thierry Otto Erwan Roussel Franck Vautier Olivier Voldoire 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(9):1276-1292
Populations of the riparian pioneer species Populus nigra L. which establish on alluvial bars within river channels modulate sediment dynamics and fluvial landforms. Dense cohorts of P. nigra have colonized gravel point bars along the channelized River Garonne, France, during the last 20 years and have enhanced the vertical, lateral and longitudinal development of the bars. For this period, the geomorphic characteristics of two wooded point bars on this laterally stable river are closely linked to the spatial distribution and intensity of establishment and resistance of different cohorts of P. nigra. Furthermore, P. nigra colonization dynamics were controlled by engineer effects of this same species. This relationship is illustrated by a significant correlation between key geomorphic and biological variables measured in situ and characterized with a set of four aerial photographs taken between 2000 and 2010. The development of wooded point bars, which are discrete biogeomorphic units, over the studied period, appear to result from a specific biogeomorphic positive feedback of matter aggregation and vegetation establishment related to sediment trapping and stabilization by pioneer engineer plants. We propose a conceptual model of biogeomorphic unit construction for channelized, lateral stable rivers. We consider the resultant biogeomorphic units as functional from an ecological point of view because P. nigra enhances at the cohort scale (i) its own inherent capacity to resist hydrogeomorphic disturbances, and (ii) its resilience capacity as a result of successful colonization, especially downstream of mature poplar stands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
146.
Frédéric Béjina Misha Bystricky Nicolas Tercé Matthew L. Whitaker Haiyan Chen 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2019,351(2-3):86-94
In situ X-ray diffraction was used to measure the isothermal bulk modulus at room conditions (KT0) of synthetic olivines with different iron contents. The chemical formulae of the olivine samples were with x = 0.45; 0.64; 0.82; 1, with 1% standard deviation (referenced as Fa45, Fa64, Fa82 and Fa100, respectively). All experiments were performed in the multi-anvil apparatus installed at NSLS beamline X17B2, to pressures up to about 7 GPa. Unit-cell volumes under hydrostatic conditions and differential stresses present in the samples were calculated using the method developed by Singh et al. (1998), and pressures measured using NaCl as a standard were then corrected for these stresses. Using a second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, we obtained the isothermal bulk modulus of each composition: GPa, GPa, GPa and GPa. These values combined with data available in the literature show that the KT0 of Fe-rich olivines increases very slowly with the Fe content, but possibly not in a simple linear trend. 相似文献
147.
Daniel Pastor-Galán Ícaro Fróis Dias da Silva Thomas Groenewegen Wout Krijgsman 《International Geology Review》2019,61(2):240-255
The amalgamation of Pangea during the Carboniferous produced a winding mountain belt: the Variscan orogen of West Europe. In the Iberian Peninsula, this tortuous geometry is dominated by two major structures: the Cantabrian Orocline, to the north, and the Central Iberian curve (CIC) to the south. Here, we perform a detailed structural analysis of an area within the core of the CIC. This core was intensively deformed resulting in a corrugated superimposed folding pattern. We have identified three different phases of deformation that can be linked to regional Variscan deformation phases. The main collisional event produced upright to moderately inclined cylindrical folds with an associated axial planar cleavage. These folds were subsequently folded during extensional collapse, in which a second fold system with subhorizontal axes and an intense subhorizontal cleavage formed. Finally, during the formation of the Cantabrian Orocline, a third folding event refolded the two previous fold systems. This later phase formed upright open folds with fold axis trending 100° to 130°, a crenulation cleavage and brittle–ductile transcurrent conjugated shearing. Our results show that the first and last deformation phases are close to coaxial, which does not allow the CIC to be formed as a product of vertical axis rotations, i.e. an orocline. The origin of the curvature in Central Iberia, if a single process, had to be coeval or previous to the first deformation phase. 相似文献
148.
149.
Quantifying the protective function of a forest against rockfall for past,present and future scenarios using two modelling approaches 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Following a major rockfall event in 1987, two types of protection measures were taken in the village Saint Martin le Vinoux
(French Alps). Firstly, technical measures using civil engineering were installed, and secondly, a forest management intervention
to increase its protection was carried out. This study aims to assess whether this intervention was successful in the sense
that it improved the protective function of the forest. We evaluated the rockfall risk for the situation of 1987 (before the
intervention), today and the future, using model simulations with past, present and future vegetation cover scenarios. To
increase the meaningfulness of our results, we used two different models, called Rockfor.NET, which is a rapid one-dimensional rockfall forest evaluation tool, using simple slope and forest characteristics and RockyFor,
a process based on three-dimensional rockfall simulation model that takes the barrier effect of individual trees explicitly
into account. Both models correctly predicted that the forest was not capable of stopping rocks from the 1987 rockfall event.
Further, both models indicate an increase of the number of rocks reaching the base of the slope from 1987 onwards. RockyFor
shows an increase from 11% in 1987 to 19% in 2086. Rockfor.NET shows an increase from 26% in 1987 to 56% in 2086. We conclude that a second attempt to increase the protective function
of the forest should aim at restoring a dense coppice stand. 相似文献
150.
Analysis of hydrodynamic and hydrochemical behaviour of an aquifer using dialysis cells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Passive multi-level sampling using dialysis membrane diffusion cells is applied to the Chalk aquifer in order to estimate and monitor vertical contaminant distribution. This technique is associated with in situ profiles of field parameters which allow zones of groundwater flow to be established. Through three study cases (confined, semi-confined and unconfined aquifer conditions), the technique shows that vertical chemical heterogeneities are the particular result of flow zonation, or the renewal of water in the upper parts of the aquifer. The aquifer appears stratified or homogeneous according to depth depending on the chemical element being analysed, the sampling period (recharge period or not) and the hydrological situation (unconfined/confined zone). The high vertical resolution of this multi-level sampling also shows the influence of the Chalk lithology on hydrochemical variations, in particular for silica, iron and aluminium, in hardground and marly zones. By using these sampling techniques, the study emphasizes the importance of accurately measuring according to depth certain parameters such as temperature, electrical conductivity and the ratios of the major elements, in particular, Na/K, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca. Interpretation of these measurements leads to an understanding of the local hydrodynamic and hydrochemical behaviour of an aquifer, and also allows geological heterogeneities to be located. 相似文献