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661.
Catchments as reactors: a comprehensive approach for water fluxes and solute turnover 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Peter Grathwohl Hermann Rügner Thomas Wöhling Karsten Osenbrück Marc Schwientek Sebastian Gayler Ute Wollschläger Benny Selle Marion Pause Jens-Olaf Delfs Matthias Grzeschik Ulrich Weller Martin Ivanov Olaf A. Cirpka Ulrich Maier Bertram Kuch Wolfgang Nowak Volker Wulfmeyer Kirsten Warrach-Sagi Thilo Streck Sabine Attinger Lars Bilke Peter Dietrich Jan H. Fleckenstein Thomas Kalbacher Olaf Kolditz Karsten Rink Luis Samaniego Hans-Jörg Vogel Ulrike Werban Georg Teutsch 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(2):317-333
Sustainable water quality management requires a profound understanding of water fluxes (precipitation, run-off, recharge, etc.) and solute turnover such as retention, reaction, transformation, etc. at the catchment or landscape scale. The Water and Earth System Science competence cluster (WESS, http://www.wess.info/) aims at a holistic analysis of the water cycle coupled to reactive solute transport, including soil–plant–atmosphere and groundwater–surface water interactions. To facilitate exploring the impact of land-use and climate changes on water cycling and water quality, special emphasis is placed on feedbacks between the atmosphere, the land surface, and the subsurface. A major challenge lies in bridging the scales in monitoring and modeling of surface/subsurface versus atmospheric processes. The field work follows the approach of contrasting catchments, i.e. neighboring watersheds with different land use or similar watersheds with different climate. This paper introduces the featured catchments and explains methodologies of WESS by selected examples. 相似文献
662.
A. Yu. Lein I. I. Rusanov M. D. Kravchishina M. V. Ivanov 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2012,47(4):281-293
Isotopic compositions of organic (δ13C-Corg) and carbonate (δ13C-Ccarb) carbon were analyzed in the particulate matter (hereafter, particulates) and sediments from the North and Middle Caspian basins. Isotopic composition of Corg was used for assessing proportions of the allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter in the particulates. Difference between the δ13C-Corg values in surface sediments and particulates is explained by the aerobic and anaerobic diagenetic transformations. Isotopic composition of Corg in sediments may be used as a tool for reconstructing the Quaternary transgressive-regressive history of the Caspian Sea. 相似文献
663.
A. Yu. Lein M. D. Kravchishina N. V. Politova A. S. Savvichev E. F. Veslopolova I. N. Mitskevich N. V. Ul’yanova V. P. Shevchenko M. V. Ivanov 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2012,47(2):99-128
Complex biogeochemical studies including the determination of isotopic composition of Corg in both suspended particulate matter and surface horizon (0–1 cm) of sediments (more than 260 determinations of δ13C-Corg) were carried out for five Arctic shelf seas: White, Barents, Kara, East Siberian, and Chukchi. The aim of this study is
to elucidate causes that change the isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon at the water-sediment boundary. It
is shown that the isotopic composition of Corg in sediments from seas with a high river runoff (White, Kara, and East Siberian) does not inherit the isotopic composition
of Corg in particles precipitating from the water column, but is enriched in heavy 13C. Seas with a low river runoff (Barents and Chukchi) show insignificant difference between the value of δ13C-Corg in both suspended load and sediment because of a low content of the isotopically light allochthonous organic matter (OM)
in particulates. Complex biogeochemical studies with radioisotope tracers (14CO2, 35S, and 14CH4) revealed the existence of specific microbial filter formed from heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms at the water-sediment
boundary. This filter prevents the mass influx of products of OM decomposition into water column, as well as reduces the influx
of a part of OM contained in the suspended particulate matter from water into sediment. 相似文献
664.
665.
The Klyuveskoi gabbro-ultramafic massif is the most representative ophiolite complex on the eastern portion of the Uralian
paleoisland arc part. The massif is composed of dunite-harzburgite (tectonized mantle peridotites) and dunite-wehrlite-clinopyroxenite-gabbro
(layered part of the ophiolite section) rock associations. The U-Pb age was obtained for the accessory zircons from the latter
association using a SHRIMP-II ion microprobe at the Center for Isotopic Research at the Karpinskii Russian Geological Research
Institute. The euhedral zircon crystals with thin rhythmic zoning from dunites are 441.4 ± 5.0 Ma in age. Zircons from olivine
clinopyroxenite show three age clusters with sharply prevalent grains 449.0 ± 6.8 Ma in age. Two points give 1.7 Ga, which
is probably related to the age of the mantle generating the layered complex. One value corresponds to 280 Ma, which possibly
reflects exhumation of ultramafic rocks in the upper crust during the collision of the Uralian foldbelt. Thus, dunites and
olivine pyroxenites from the Klyuchevskoi massif are similar in age at 441–449 Ma. The bottom of the layered part of the ophiolite
section corresponds to the M paleoboundary and, consequently, the age of the Mohorovicic discontinuity conforms with the Ordovician-Silurian
boundary in this part of the Urals. 相似文献
666.
K. G. Ivanov 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2013,53(3):291-297
The dynamics of the occurrence frequency and intensity of solar-terrestrial storms at the current solar cycle (cycle 24) onset (2007–2011) is considered. The storms were identified based on the moving semidiurnal average planetary index of activity, beginning from Ap* ≥ 30. It has been established that 12, 11, and 2 only moderate storms (Ap* = 30–49), which were randomly distributed during the year, were successively observed in the first three years. After a prolonged period without storms (August 2009–March 2010), a series of storms with mixed or only moderate activity, which were regularly distributed over the seasons (ecliptic longitudes) from April to August, started appearing beginning from the storm of April 1–6, 2010. This period followed the tendency toward the transformation of the slowly rotating four-sector structure (Large-Scale Open Solar Magnetic Field, LOSMF) from the two-sector structure (March 2010). The first storm in the new cycle (April 2010) was very powerful and originated owing to the successive destabilization of the complex of two magnetic filamentary ropes. It is interesting that the origination of a new LOSMF sector was associated with a 27-day interval, during which thermal neutrons appeared at Kamchatka and volcanoes erupted in Iceland, and a strong earthquake occurred in March 2011 in Japan when the Earth was located precisely in this sector. 相似文献
667.
The authors attempt to identify and standardize the cartographic symbols (“images”) used to represent a variety of specific geomorphological features. A large number of cartographic representations of landform features found on geological-geomorphological maps are classified in terms of their basic pattern/configuration and the level of complexity within each major pattern type. It is argued that the pattern or configuration of a cartographic symbol used to represent a geomorphological feature should represent the spatial structure of that feature with sufficient reliability to serve as a key to an understanding of its genesis. Translated from: Geomorfologiya, 1987, No. 2, pp. 62-66. 相似文献
668.
Using proxy series that includes ancient observations of sunspots and auroras, concentrations of cosmogenic isotopes 14C and 10Be, we reconstruct sunspot activity level since 850 AD to the present. As a main reference index of solar activity we use
the Wolf sunspot numbers, which, as we demonstrate, reflect true levels of the activity in the 18th and 19th centuries better
than the Group sunspot numbers. We construct a set of linear and nonlinear inductive models, which are in a good agreement
with each other and reproduce the known global solar activity extrema. According to our results, amplitudes of the global
maxima are in intermediate positions in respect to estimations of other authors. It follows from our reconstructions that
the global maximum of the 20th century is not much higher, if at all, than others. 相似文献
669.
670.
Launch of martian meteorites in oblique impacts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A high-velocity oblique impact into the martian surface accelerates solid target material to escape velocity. A fraction of that material eventually falls as meteorites on Earth. For a long time they were called the SNC meteorites (Shergotty, Nakhla, and Chassigny). We study production of potential martian meteorites numerically within the frame of 3D hydrodynamic modeling. The ratio of the volume of escaping solid ejecta to projectile volume depends on the impact angle, impact velocity and the volatile content in the projectile and in the target. The size distribution of ejected fragments appears to be of crucial importance for the atmosphere-ejecta interaction in the case of a relatively small impact (with final crater size <3 km): 10-cm-sized particles are decelerated efficiently, while 30-50% of larger fragments could escape Mars. The results of numerical modeling are compared with shock metamorphic features in martian meteorites, their burial depth, and preatmospheric mass. Although it is impossible to accelerate ejected fragments to escape velocity without substantial compression (above 10 GPa), the maximum temperature increase in dunite (Chassigny) or ortopyroxenite (ALH84001) may be lower than 200 degree. This result is consistent with the observed chaotic magnetization of ALH84001. The probability of microbes' survival may be rather high even for the extreme conditions during the ejection process. 相似文献