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61.
In contrast to local perceptions, the impact on the local Galápagos artisanal fishery of the 16 January 2001 grounding of the Jessica and subsequent oil spill was relatively minor. No significant changes in fishing effort, total fishing catches or catch-per-unit effort were detected after the spill based on analyses of fisheries monitoring data. Nevertheless, large boats tended to move away from sites near the path of the spill following the grounding in 2001, with no fishing recorded from the oil-affected regions of Floreana and southern Isabela in February 2001. The total fishing effort of small boats operating from the Jessica-grounding island of San Cristóbal also declined immediately after the spill, probably in part because such boats were used in clean up operations. During 2001, prices paid to fishers remained stable at levels higher than in 2000, with the notable anomaly that prices fell precipitously to 30% of previous levels during a 1-2 week period in early February 2001. Fish exports remained at similar levels for the years 2000 and 2001; however, as in the previous year, little fish product was exported from Galápagos in the month following the spill, with most fish product dried and stored for up to two months prior to transport to the continent. 相似文献
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The results of a vertical dipole tracer experiment performed in highly fractured rocks of the Clare Valley, South Australia, are presented. The injection and withdrawal piezometers were both screened over 3 m and were separated by 6 m (midpoint to midpoint). Due to the long screen length, several fracture sets were intersected, some of which do not connect the two piezometers. Dissolved helium and bromide were injected into the dipole flow field for 75 minutes, followed by an additional 510 minutes of flushing. The breakthrough of helium was retarded relative to bromide, as was expected due to the greater aqueous diffusion coefficient of helium. Also, only -25% of the total mass injected of both tracers was recovered. Modeling of the tracer transport was accomplished using an analytical one-dimensional flow and transport model for flow through a fracture with diffusion into the matrix. The assumptions made include: streamlines connecting the injection and withdrawal point can be modeled as a dipole of equal strength, flow along each streamline is one dimensional, and there is a constant Peclet number for each streamline. In contrast to many other field tracer studies performed in fractured rock, the actual travel length between piezometers was not known. Modeling was accomplished by fitting the characteristics of the tracer breakthrough curves (BTCs), such as arrival times of the peak concentration and the center of mass. The important steps were to determine the fracture aperture (240 microm) based on the parameters that influence the rate of matrix diffusion (this controls the arrival time of the peak concentration); estimating the travel distance (11 m) by fitting the time of arrival of the centers of mass of the tracers; and estimating fracture dispersivity (0.5 m) by fitting the times that the inflection points occurred on the front and back limbs of the BTCs. This method works even though there was dilution in the withdrawal well, the amount of which can be estimated by determining the value that the modeled concentrations need to be reduced to fit the data (approximately 50%). The use of two tracers with different diffusion coefficients was not necessary, but it provides important checks in the modeling process because the apparent retardation between the two tracers is evidence of matrix diffusion and the BTCs of both tracers need to be accurately modeled by the best fit parameters. 相似文献
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本文论述了新经济环境下调整企业经营模式的重要性。从客户群的选择等四个要素对新经营模式的设计展开讨论，并以国内外成功的范例加以论证，得出中国企业必须以客户和利润为中心建立适合自己发展的经营模式，而且能够随着市场的不断变化、价值的不断转移，不断调整和更新的结论，对中国企业经营模式的发展很有借鉴意义。 相似文献
66.
山地水文循环是全球水循环的重要组成部分,山地独特的地形特征、日趋变化的社会经济与新技术(遥感观测和信息科学)发展使得山地水文循环研究成为当前乃至未来水文学关注的热点。山地较大的垂直梯度浓缩了水平自然带的自然地理和生态学特征,具有多样的环境敏感性,因此山地水文过程对土地利用变化和气候变化的响应比平坦地区更为剧烈。明晰山地水文过程对区域防洪减灾、制定全球变化背景下区域水资源可持续利用策略、促进经济社会发展具有重要意义。水文模型是研究水循环的重要工具,但山地产汇流机制的复杂性以及实测水文资料匮乏等一系列问题极大限制了山地水文模拟与预测工作。本文首先系统地从数据获取、参数计算、模型结构、建模理论四个方面介绍了国内外山地水文模拟的研究进展,并总结了经验模型、概念模型及基于物理机制的分布式水文模型在我国山地水文模拟中的应用进展,之后从山地水文要素的空间变异性与垂直变异性、驱动力、数据不确定性、强烈的人为扰动等方面对当前山地水文模拟中面临的挑战与难点进行了论述。通过对国内外相关研究前沿的归纳,从多过程耦合机理研究、山地自然—社会二元水循环理论、大数据背景下多源数据获取与同化研究等方面对我国未来山地水文模拟的工作方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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