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61.
Jean-Yves Boisson Lucien Bertrand Jean-François Heitz Yann Golvan 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(1):108-123
In the context of a research and development program on waste disposal, an experimental site (Tournemire tunnel, Aveyron,
France) was selected by the French Institute for Nuclear Protection and Safety (IPSN) in order to undertake studies on potential
fluid flow at different scales of space and time within a 250-m-thick argillaceous formation. The argillite has a low natural
water content (~3–5%) and very low radii access porosity. Diffusion (tritiated water) coefficients (1×10–12 to 2×10–11 m2/s) and hydraulic conductivities derived from different types of laboratory tests (10–14 to 10–13 m/s) are characteristics of a very low-permeable rock. In situ hydraulic tests (including long-term hydraulic-head measurements)
were used to obtain values for hydraulic head and hydraulic conductivity at a scale of 1–10 m (10–13 to 10–11 m/s). Despite uncertainties on these data (due to a scale factor, presence of fissures, and possible artefacts due to hydro-chemo-mechanical
coupling), it is expected that fluid flow is essentially governed by diffusion processes. Identification of possible natural
flows at larger scales of time and space was investigated using natural isotopic tracers from interstitial fluids. Modelling,
based on the deuterium profile along the clay formation and assuming pure diffusion processes, provides estimations of possible
flow times. However, lack of knowledge concerning the past geological evolution of the site and the possible role of a fracture
network do not permit reduction of uncertainties on these estimations at this stage.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
62.
Jean-Yves Collot Jean Delteil Keith B. Lewis Bryan Davy Geoffroy Lamarche Jean-Christophe Audru Phil Barnes Franck Chanier Eric Chaumillon Serge Lallemand Bernard Mercier de Lepinay Alan Orpin Bernard Pelletier Marc Sosson Bertrand Toussaint Chris Uruski 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1996,18(2-4):357-381
The southern Kermadec-Hikurangi convergent margin, east of New Zealand, accommodates the oblique subduction of the oceanic Hikurangi Plateau at rates of 4–5 cm/yr. Swath bathymetry and sidescan data, together with seismic reflection and geopotential data obtained during the GEODYNZ-SUD cruise, showed major changes in tectonic style along the margin. The changes reflect the size and abundance of seamounts on the subducting plateau, the presence and thickness of trench-fill turbidites, and the change to increasing obliquity and intracontinental transpression towards the south. In this paper, we provide evidence that faulting with a significant strike-slip component is widespread along the entire 1000 km margin. Subduction of the northeastern scrap of the Hikurangi Plateau is marked by an offset in the Kermadec Trench and adjacent margin, and by a major NW-trending tear fault in the scarp. To the south, the southern Kermadec Trench is devoid of turbidite fill and the adjacent margin is characterized by an up to 1200 m high scarp that locally separates apparent clockwise rotated blocks on the upper slope from strike-slip faults and mass wasting on the lower slope. The northern Hikurangi Trough has at least 1 km of trench-fill but its adjacent margin is characterized by tectonic erosion. The toe of the margin is indented by 10–25 km for more than 200 km, and this is inferred to be the result of repeated impacts of the large seamounts that are abundant on the northern Hikurangi Plateau. The two most recent impacts have left major indentations in the margin. The central Hikurangi margin is characterized by development of a wide accretionary wedge on the lower slope, and by transpression of presubduction passive margin sediments on the upper slope. Shortening across the wedge together with a component of strike-slip motion on the upper slope supports an interpretation of some strain partitioning. The southern Hikurangi margin is a narrow, mainly compressive belt along a very oblique, apparently locked subduction zone. 相似文献
63.
Charles DeMets Richard G. Gordon Jean-Yves Royer 《Geophysical Journal International》2005,161(2):445-468
64.
Damien Faivre Pierre Agrinier Pierpaolo Zuddas Katavut Pachana Jean-Yves Laval 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(21):4395-4403
Inorganic magnetite nanocrystals were synthesized in an aqueous medium at 25°C, atmospheric pressure, ionic strength of 0.1 M, oxygen fugacity close to 0, and under controlled chemical affinity, which was maintained constant during an experiment and varied between different experiments. The total concentration of iron in the initial solutions, with Fe(III)/Fe(II) ratios of 2, was varied in order to measure the role of this parameter on the reaction rate, particle morphology, and oxygen isotopic composition. The reaction rates were followed by a pHstat apparatus. The nature and morphology of particles were studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Fractionation factors of oxygen isotopes were determined by mass spectrometry after oxygen extraction from the solid on BrF5 lines. At low total iron concentrations, goethite and poorly crystalline iron oxides were observed coexisting with magnetite. At higher concentrations, euhedral single crystals of pure magnetite with an average characteristic size of 10 nm were formed, based on a first-order rate law with respect to total iron concentration. These results confirm that, under high supersaturation conditions, low-temperature inorganic processes can lead to the formation of well-crystallized nanometric magnetite crystals with narrow size distribution. The observed oxygen isotope fractionation factor between magnetite crystals and water was of 0-1‰, similar to the fractionation factor associated with bacterially produced magnetite. We suggest that the solution chemistry used in this study for inorganic precipitation is relevant to better understanding of magnetite precipitation in bacterial magnetosomes, which might thus be characterized by high saturation states and pH. 相似文献
65.
Grard Brogniez Frdric Parol Laurianne Bcu Jacques Pelon Olivier Jourdan Jean-Franois Gayet Frdrique Auriol Christian Verwaerde Jean-Yves Balois Bahaiddin Damiri 《Atmospheric Research》2004,72(1-4):425
In the context of the next AQUA Train satellite experiment, airborne measurements were carried out to simulate satellite measurements. They were conducted between September 25 and October 12, 2001, off the coast of southern France over the Atlantic Ocean and over the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. During the intensive Field Radiation Experiment on Natural Cirrus and High-level clouds (FRENCH/DIRAC 2001), natural ice clouds were sampled from in situ and remote sensing measurements. On October 5 and 7, 2001, cirrus cloud decks were described by a complete data set acquired by: (i) in situ microphysical instruments onboard the TBM-700 aircraft: PMS probe, and Polar Nephelometer (ii) and downward-looking radiative instruments onboard the Mystère 20 aircraft: an infrared radiometer, a lidar, a visible imager with polarisation capabilities, and a middle infrared radiometer. Moreover, classical thermodynamical measurements were carried out onboard the Mystère 20. Mean microphysical characteristics of cirrus deck are derived from interpretation of remote sensing measurements. These properties are compared with those derived from in situ microphysical measurements in order to evaluate the radiative impact of natural cirrus clouds. 相似文献
66.
67.
Boris Marcaillou Philippe Charvis Jean-Yves Collot 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2006,27(4):289-300
Wide-angle and multichannel seismic data collected on the Malpelo Ridge provide an image of the deep structure of the ridge and new insights on its emplacement and tectonic history. The crustal structure of the Malpelo Ridge shows a 14 km thick asymmetric crustal root with a smooth transition to the oceanic basin southeastward, whereas the transition is abrupt beneath its northwestern flank. Crustal thickening is mainly related to the thickening of the lower crust, which exhibits velocities from 6.5 to 7.4 km/s. The deep structure is consistent with emplacement at an active spreading axis under a hotspot like the present-day Galapagos Hotspot on the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Centre. Our results favour the hypothesis that the Malpelo Ridge was formerly a continuation of the Cocos Ridge, emplaced simultaneously with the Carnegie Ridge at the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Centre, from which it was separated and subsequently drifted southward relative to the Cocos Ridge due to differential motion along the dextral strike-slip Panama Fracture Zone. The steep faulted northern flank of the Malpelo Ridge and the counterpart steep and faulted southern flank of Regina Ridge are possibly related to a rifting phase that resulted in the Coiba Microplate’s separation from the Nazca Plate along the Sandra Rift. 相似文献
68.
Nicole Bethoux Monica Segovia Viviana Alvarez Jean-Yves Collot Philippe Charvis Audrey Gailler Tony Monfret 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2011,31(1):139-152
A seismic study of a segment of the convergent margin of Ecuador is presented. During the SISTEUR campaign a network of 24 Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) was deployed on the Carnegie Ridge, one line along the main axes of the ridge and two lines across the strike of the edge of the ridge, during one month. This marine network was complemented with a land network of 20 stations distributed in two lines: one parallel to the margin and the other perpendicular to it.The seismic event recorded by these networks, were located using different crustal models defined from the wide-angle seismic data modeling. Relative location techniques were used to improve earthquake locations. Seismogram waveform modeling allowed us to constrain hypocentral location for events farther than ~50 km from the network. This modeling also provided additional information to constrain the focal mechanisms of these events. The upper limit of the Interplate Seismogenic Zone (ISZ) is estimated to be at a 10 km depth in the region. The background seismic activity of the upper plate provided new insights:1) A seismic cluster that reaches the base of the overriding plate is linked to the Jipijapa-Portoviejo fault. The reactivation of this Quaternary fault is confirmed by focal mechanisms that provide rupture planes parallel to its superficial projection (N10°–N25°).2) The focal mechanisms presented in this study are compatible with a homogeneous regional stress field corresponding to an E–W to ESE–WNW compression and an NNE–SSW extension. The presence of strike-slip deformation, with a reverse component, corresponds to the NNE escape of the North Andean Block. Normal faulting accommodating this movement suggests that this part of the North Andean Block cannot be considered as a rigid block. 相似文献
69.
The Lower Cambrian Saint Petersburg blue clays are composed of predominant illite and chlorite, sometimes accompanied by kaolinite. The <0.1 μm fraction has a high content of illite–smectite mixed layers. Particle-size distribution is more than 50% of clay particles and about 30% of silts. These blue clays correspond to plastic (and soft) clays; they may be compared to the Callovian clays of Bure (France), where storage of natural waste is envisaged. To cite this article: M. Arnould et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1135–1140.
Résumé
Les « argiles bleues » du Cambrien Inférieur de Saint-Pétersbourg sont constituées d'illite dominante et de chlorite, avec parfois présence de kaolinite. Des interstratifiés illite/montmorillonite sont très abondants dans la phase <0,1 μm. Du point de vue granulométrique, outre plus de 50% de particules argileuses, il existe une phase silteuse de l'ordre de 30%. Du point de vue pétrophysique, ce sont des argiles plastiques, de consistance molle. Elles sont subhorizontales et ont jusqu'à 116 m d'épaisseur. Outre l'absence de métamorphisme, malgré leur âge, leur caractère le plus remarquable est leur réseau de fracturation, bien observable en carrière. Les joints sont nets, sans remplissage ni cimentation. Les plans verticaux sont particulièrement développés. Le volume unitaire des blocs de matrice ne dépasse guère 1 m3. Des traces d'oxydation témoignent de circulations d'eau. Ces argiles silteuses anciennes peuvent aider à mieux connaı̂tre et comprendre les argilites silteuses épigénétiques calloviennes du site de Bure (Haute-Marne, France), où un stockage souterrain de déchets nucléaires est envisagé. Pour citer cet article : M. Arnould et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 1135–1140. 相似文献70.
Enhancement of regional variations in salinity and temperature in a coral reef lagoon, New Caledonia
Sylvain Ouillon Pascal Douillet Renaud Fichez Jean-Yves Panch 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(16):231
The variability in salinity and temperature in the southwest lagoon of New Caledonia (2100 km2) under non-storm conditions is analysed using a 4-year dataset (1997–2001). Seasonal and interannual variations in salinity are amplified nearshore. Temperature is larger in bays than in the open lagoon during summer, the reverse is true in winter. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) related nearshore temperature variations parallel those at regional scale, but with seasonal variations amplified. Haline stratification, if any, is enhanced in coastal areas. To cite this article: S. Ouillon et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献