Long‐lasting intracontinental strike‐slip faulting: new evidence from the Karakorum shear zone in the Himalayas     

Philippe H. Leloup  Emmanuelle Boutonnet  William J. Davis  Keiko Hattori 《地学学报》2011,23(2):92-99

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Introduction: in tribute to Dr. Atsuyuki Okabe     

Ikuho Yamada  Narushige Shiode 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2009,11(2):113-115

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P–V–T equation of state of Mn3Al2Si3O12 spessartine garnet     

Steeve Gréaux  Akihiro Yamada 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(2):141-149

The thermoelastic parameters of synthetic Mn₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ spessartine garnet were examined in situ at high pressure up to 13 GPa and high temperature up to 1,100 K, by synchrotron radiation energy dispersive X-ray diffraction within a DIA-type multi-anvil press apparatus. The analysis of room temperature data yielded K ₀ = 172 ± 4 GPa and K ₀ ^′  = 5.0 ± 0.9 when V _0,300 is fixed to 1,564.96 Å³. Fitting of P–V–T data by means of the high-temperature third-order Birch–Murnaghan EoS gives the thermoelastic parameters: K ₀ = 171 ± 4 GPa, K ₀ ^′  = 5.3 ± 0.8, (?K _0,T /?T) _P  = ?0.049 ± 0.007 GPa K^?1, a ₀ = 1.59 ± 0.33 × 10^?5 K^?1 and b ₀ = 2.91 ± 0.69 × 10^?8 K^?2 (e.g., α _0,300 = 2.46 ± 0.54 × 10^?5 K^?1). Comparison with thermoelastic properties of other garnet end-members indicated that the compression mechanism of spessartine might be the same as almandine and pyrope but differs from that of grossular. On the other hand, at high temperature, spessartine softens substantially faster than pyrope and grossular. Such softening, which is also reported for almandine, emphasize the importance of the cation in the dodecahedral site on the thermoelastic properties of aluminosilicate garnet.  相似文献   

Movement of radiocaesium fallout released by the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident     

Koji Minoura  Tsutomu Yamada  Shin-ichi Hirano  Shinji Sugihara 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(3):1843-1862

The moment magnitude (M _w) 9.0 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011, generating an unusually large tsunami. The seismic shocks and tsunami inundation severely damaged the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Radionuclide emission due to reactor breakdown contaminated wide areas of Fukushima and its surroundings. Heavy rainfall causes runoff across surface soil, and fine soil particles are susceptible to uptake by the flowing water. The high radioactivity of grains suspended in floodwater indicates that radioactive fallout was streamed into rivers in particulate form and transported downstream under high-flow conditions. Here, we investigated the diachronic mode of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in central Fukushima, through which the contaminated air mass drifted and caused wet deposition of radionuclides. Stratigraphic measurements of radioactivity in sediment cores is the method employed in this study to determine the basin-wide movement of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs, to evaluate the significance of the erosion–transportation–accumulation processes on natural decontamination in terrain characterized by steep slopes and high precipitation. Stratigraphic results illustrate the process of fluvial sediment discharge, and the massive deposition of radiocaesium suggests basin-wide movement of fallout during concentrated rainfall. Grain suspension in torrential currents is an important pathway for transportation of radionuclides from land to sea, and the appearance of hotspots on floodplains and the offshore sea floor is the consequence of erosion and transportation under seasonal heavy precipitation. Radioactive horizons occur in offshore sediment columns and thus radiocaesium discharged from the estuary will persist forever under the sea floor if no artificial disturbance occurs.  相似文献   

Occurrence of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in the brain of cetaceans stranded along the Japanese coast   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kunisue T  Sakiyama T  Yamada TK  Takahashi S  Tanabe S 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(7):963-973

Levels of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) and PCBs were measured in the brain of melon-headed whales (MW: Peponocephala electra), striped dolphins (SD: Stenella coeruleoalba) and finless porpoises (FP: Neophocaena phocaenoides) stranded along the Japanese coast during 2002-2003. Levels of OH-PCBs (including identified and unknown OH-P(5)CB, -H(6)CB, -H(7)CB and O(8)CB congeners) in the brain of MW, SD and FP were in the range of 20-290, 21-330 and 170-240pg/g wet wt., respectively. Observed OH-PCB levels were 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than PCBs in the same individuals. OH-PCBs/PCBs ratios in MW, SD and FP brain were lower than those in blood of humans and wildlife and in the brain of polar bears reported previously. OH-PCBs were also detected in maternal and fetal brain of SD (1 pair), suggesting transfer of OH-PCBs into the fetal brain of odontocete cetaceans. When fetus/dam concentration ratios of OH-PCB congeners detected in maternal and fetal brain were estimated, the values were higher than those of PCB congeners, implying that OH-PCBs in maternal blood could be more easily transferred into fetal brain via placenta than PCBs.  相似文献   

The structures of eye and surrounding tissues of Longman＇ s beaked whale, Indopacetus pacificus     

祝茜  山田格  李响 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2008,26(2):219-221

Observations were made on one eye from a Longman's beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus,which was probably one of the least known extant cetaceans.The whale died shortly after swimming aground on the coast in the Nishikata Beach,Sendai-shi,Kagoshima-ken Prefecture,Japan,on July 26,2002.It was a mature female with body length 6.45 m.This paper documented the basic structural characteristics of her visual organ of the whale in order to better understand this animal.  相似文献   

Study by MOA of extrasolar planets in gravitational microlensing events of high magnification     

I. A. Bond  N. J. Rattenbury  J. Skuljan  F. Abe  R. J. Dodd  J. B. Hearnshaw  M. Honda  J. Jugaku  P. M. Kilmartin  A. Marles  K. Masuda  Y. Matsubara  Y. Muraki  T. Nakamura  G. Nankivell  S. Noda  C. Noguchi  K. Ohnishi  M. Reid  To. Saito  H. Sato  M. Sekiguchi  D. J. Sullivan  T. Sumi  M. Takeuti  Y. Watase  S. Wilkinson  R. Yamada  T. Yanagisawa  P. C. M. Yock 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,333(1):71-83

A search for extrasolar planets was carried out in three gravitational microlensing events of high magnification, MACHO  98–BLG–35  , MACHO  99–LMC–2  and OGLE  00–BUL–12  . Photometry was derived from observational images by the MOA and OGLE groups using an image subtraction technique. For MACHO  98–BLG–35  , additional photometry derived from the MPS and PLANET groups was included. Planetary modelling of the three events was carried out in a supercluster computing environment. The estimated probability for explaining the data on MACHO  98–BLG–35  without a planet is <1 per cent. The best planetary model has a planet of mass ∼(0.4–1.5)× M _Earth at a projected radius of either ∼1.5 or ∼2.3 au. We show how multiplanet models can be applied to the data. We calculate exclusion regions for the three events and find that Jupiter-mass planets can be excluded with projected radii from as wide as about 30 au to as close as around 0.5 au for MACHO  98–BLG–35  and OGLE  00–BUL–12  . For MACHO  99–LMC–2  , the exclusion region extends out to around 10 au and constitutes the first limit placed on a planetary companion to an extragalactic star. We derive a particularly high peak magnification of ∼160 for OGLE  00–BUL–12  . We discuss the detectability of planets with masses as low as Mercury in this and similar events.  相似文献   

Aeolian dust experiment on climate impact: An overview of Japan–China joint project ADEC   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

M. Mikami  G.Y. Shi  I. Uno  S. Yabuki  Y. Iwasaka  M. Yasui  T. Aoki  T.Y. Tanaka  Y. Kurosaki  K. Masuda  A. Uchiyama  A. Matsuki  T. Sakai  T. Takemi  M. Nakawo  N. Seino  M. Ishizuka  S. Satake  K. Fujita  Y. Hara  K. Kai  S. Kanayama  M. Hayashi  M. Du  Y. Kanai  Y. Yamada  X.Y. Zhang  Z. Shen  H. Zhou  O. Abe  T. Nagai  Y. Tsutsumi  M. Chiba  J. Suzuki 《Global and Planetary Change》2006,52(1-4):142

The Aeolian Dust Experiment on Climate Impact (ADEC) was initiated in April 2000 as a joint five-year Japan–China project. The goal was to understand the impact of aeolian dust on climate via radiative forcing (RF). Field experiments and numerical simulations were conducted from the source regions in northwestern China to the downwind region in Japan in order to understand wind erosion processes temporal and spatial distribution of dust during their long-range transportation chemical, physical, and optical properties of dust and the direct effect of radiative forcing due to dust. For this, three intensive observation periods (IOP) were conducted from April 2002 to April 2004.The in situ and network observation results are summarized as follows: (1) In situ observations of the wind erosion process revealed that the vertical profile of moving sand has a clear size dependency with height and saltation flux and that threshold wind velocity is dependent on soil moisture. Results also demonstrated that saltation flux is strongly dependent on the parent soil size distribution of the desert surface. (2) Both lidar observations and model simulations revealed a multiple dust layer in East Asia. A numerical simulation of a chemical transport model, CFORS, illustrated the elevated dust layer from the Taklimakan Desert and the lower dust layer from the Gobi Desert. The global-scale dust model, MASINGAR, also simulated the dust layer in the middle to upper free troposphere in East Asia, which originated from North Africa and the Middle East during a dust storm in March 2003. Raman lidar observations at Tsukuba, Japan, found the ice cloud associated with the dust layer at an altitude of 6 to 9 km. Analysis from lidar and the radio-sonde observation suggested that the Asian dust acted as ice nuclei at the ice-saturated region. These results suggest the importance of dust's climate impact via the indirect effect of radiative forcing due to the activation of dust into ice nuclei. (3) Studies on the aerosol concentration indicated that size distributions of aerosols in downwind regions have bimodal peaks. One peak was in the submicron range and the other in the supermicron range. The main soluble components of the supermicron peak were Na⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃⁻, and Cl⁻. In the downwind region in Japan, the dust, sea salt, and a mixture of the two were found to be dominant in coarse particles in the mixed boundary layer. (4) Observation of the optical properties of dust by sky-radiometer, particle shoot absorption photometer (PSAP), and Nephelometer indicated that unpolluted dust at source region has a weaker absorption than originally believed.A sensitivity experiment of direct RF by dust indicated that single scattering albedo is the most important of the optical properties of dust and that the sensitivity of instantaneous RF in the shortwave region at the top of the atmosphere to the refractive index strongly depends on surface albedo. A global scale dust model, MASINGAR, was used for evaluation of direct RF due to dust. The results indicated the global mean RF at the top and the bottom of the atmosphere were − 0.46 and − 2.13 W m^− 2 with cloud and were almost half of the RF with cloud-free condition.  相似文献   

The Hinode (Solar-B) Mission: An Overview     

T. Kosugi  K. Matsuzaki  T. Sakao  T. Shimizu  Y. Sone  S. Tachikawa  T. Hashimoto  K. Minesugi  A. Ohnishi  T. Yamada  S. Tsuneta  H. Hara  K. Ichimoto  Y. Suematsu  M. Shimojo  T. Watanabe  S. Shimada  J. M. Davis  L. D. Hill  J. K. Owens  A. M. Title  J. L. Culhane  L. K. Harra  G. A. Doschek  L. Golub 《Solar physics》2007,243(1):3-17

The Hinode satellite (formerly Solar-B) of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS/JAXA) was successfully launched in September 2006. As the successor to the Yohkoh mission, it aims to understand how magnetic energy gets transferred from the photosphere to the upper atmosphere and results in explosive energy releases. Hinode is an observatory style mission, with all the instruments being designed and built to work together to address the science aims. There are three instruments onboard: the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT), the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS), and the X-Ray Telescope (XRT). This paper provides an overview of the mission, detailing the satellite, the scientific payload, and operations. It will conclude with discussions on how the international science community can participate in the analysis of the mission data. T. Kosugi deceased 26 November 2006.  相似文献   

Petrology of green polished stone axes of the Jomon period from the Sannai-Maruyama site,Japan, investigating the origin of source rock     

Hirokazu Maekawa  Kazuyoshi Ohtsuka  Koshi Yamamoto  Nobuo Gouchi  Keiko Hattori 《Island Arc》2021,30(1):e12384

Numerous green polished stone axes have been excavated from the Sannai-Maruyama site, one of Japan's largest archeological sites in the Jomon period (5.9–4.2 cal kyr BP). The axes are composed of weakly metamorphosed fine-grained volcaniclastic rock having a peculiar texture that includes numerous acicular actinolites growing in random directions within a quartz and albite matrix. Cobbles of Aotora stone found along the Nukabira River, Biratori town, southern Hokkaido, are the most likely raw material for these stone axes. Aotora stones have alternate bands of a soft dark-green picritic layer and a hard SiO₂-rich pale-green layer. The pale-green layer has a texture similar to the stone axes. Basaltic and picritic volcanic rocks of the Sorachi-Yezo Belt occupy the area along the Shidoni River, a tributary of the Nukabira River. Volcaniclastic rocks similar in texture, mineralogy, and bulk rock compositions to the Aotora stone are exposed in the area. These rocks underwent metamorphism under the actinolite-pumpellyite facies conditions. Their protolith is submarine hyaloclastic rocks that are intercalated with laminated picrite detritus. The stone axes, pale-green layers of Aotora stone, and those of the volcaniclastic rocks of the Shidoni River area all have high SiO₂ (~ 55 wt%), Cr (~ 840 μg/g), and Ni (~ 370 μg/g). The rare earth element patterns with abundant light rare earth elements and depleted heavy rare earth elements of stone axes were also consistent with the pale-green layers of the outcrop. These pale-green layers, interleaved with dark-green layers of picritic detritus, were the likely source rock of the stone axes. The high SiO₂ content in the pale-green layer caused the crystallization of quartz and albite in the matrix, which resulted in high-quality raw material for making stone axes.  相似文献