The lack of inorganic removal of dissolved silica during river-ocean mixing     

Kent A Fanning  Michael E.Q Pilson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1973,37(11):2405-2415

The significance of the inorganic removal of dissolved silica from estuarine zones was investigated at three river mouths: the Orinoco, the Savannah and the Mississippi. Particular attention was given to the Mississippi river plume, where extensive inorganic silica uptake had been reported. Mixing curves and laboratory dilution experiments provided little evidence that the phenomenon was widespread. Because of an uncertain fresh water tie point, some inorganic uptake could not be completely ruled out for the Orinoco, but, in the plumes of the Savannah and Mississippi rivers, no inorganic silica removal was indicated. In contrast to published experiments on river sediments, laboratory dilution studies on suspended matter from the Mississippi river showed release of dissolved silica instead of uptake.  相似文献   

Ecology and environmental management: Park,C.C. Folkestone: Dawson, 1980. 288 pp. £12.50 cloth     

Martin Kent 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1981,1(2):152-153

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A critique of the internal tracer method for estimating contaminant degradation rates     

Martian P  Sorenson KS  Peterson LN 《Ground water》2003,41(5):632-639

The internal tracer method for estimating contaminant degradation rates separates the attenuation effects not associated with degradation by using a codisposed recalcitrant internal tracer to normalize the degrading contaminant concentration. The remaining attenuation between the internal tracer and degrading contaminant is attributed to degradation and the degradation rate half-life is estimated from the first-order decay equation. An analytical solution of the advection- dispersion equation was used to evaluate flow-and-transport conditions that could result in incorrect estimates of contaminant degradation rate constants. Flow-and-transport characteristics that result in overestimating degradation rates were of particular interest because the internal tracer method often used to demonstrate natural attenuation can achieve remedial objectives. The analytical solution was also used to estimate the magnitude of error associated with using the internal tracer method at an example site and to explain different degradation rates estimated using tracers with different decay rate constants.  相似文献   

Hybridization of the probability perturbation method with gradient information     

Kent Johansen  Jef Caers  Satomi Suzuki 《Computational Geosciences》2007,11(4):319-331

Geostatistically based history-matching methods make it possible to devise history-matching strategies that will honor geologic knowledge about the reservoir. However, the performance of these methods is known to be impeded by slow convergence rates resulting from the stochastic nature of the algorithm. It is the purpose of this paper to introduce a method that integrates qualitative gradient information into the probability perturbation method to improve convergence. The potential of the proposed method is demonstrated on a synthetic history-matching example. The results indicate that inclusion of qualitative gradient information improves the performance of the probability perturbation method.  相似文献   

Euv97: Improvements to Euv Irradiance Modeling in the Soft X-Rays and FUV     

W. Kent Tobiska  F. G. Eparvier 《Solar physics》1998,177(1-2):147-159

EUV97 is a solar EUV empirical model that incorporates revised soft X-ray fluxes from the SOLRAD-11 satellite (1976–1979) and uses Lα recently recalibrated to the UARS satellite (1991–present) SOLSTICE Lα. The soft X-ray data have been revised from the original flux values using Mewe's spectral fits to the data. The recalibrated AE-E and SME Lα datasets use UARS Lα for absolute flux values to provide two solar cycles of Lα irradiance extending back to 1977. Lα is used by EUV97 as a proxy for chromospheric EUV irradiances. The EUV97 empirical solar model takes its heritage from the EUV91 model based on a multiple linear regression technique that fits soft X-ray and EUV irradiances to 10.7 cm flux for transition region and coronal emissions or to Lα and Hei 10830 Ú EW for chromospheric emissions.  相似文献   

Investigation into Factors Affecting Roadway Deformation in the Selby Coalfield     

F.L. Kent  J.S. Coggan  P.F.R Altounyan 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1998,16(4):273-289

The introduction of roofbolting in the UK coal mining industry has been well documented and is an example of reinforcement design utilizing a design by measurement or observational approach. This has involved detailed monitoring of rock strata movements and rockbolt loads at a large number of sites. Analysis of roadway deformation monitoring information from across the Selby coalfield provided an ideal opportunity of assessing how geological and stress variations affect the stability of reinforced coal mine roadways. Statistical analysis of this data has confirmed the detrimental effects of maximum horizontal stress direction and relatively weak roof geology on the magnitude of roof deformation. Further analysis has led to the development of a roof lithology index for assessing the quality of the immediate roof geology and the use of geological hazard analysis for providing useful information for the development of a stability index for assessing support requirements of existing and future roadways. This investigation has also verified previous observations regarding mechanisms controlling roadway deformational behaviour and highlights the importance of the site-specific nature of reinforcement design.  相似文献   

Religious pattern of India with a factoral regionalization     

A. K. dutt Akron  S. davgun Kent 《GeoJournal》1979,3(2):201-214

Though over four-fifths of Indian population is Hindu, there are sizeable numbers of other religious groups: Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain and other religion (mainly aboriginal animists). Hindus are spread out all over the country with declining or negligible concentration at the southern, northeastern and northwestern parts of the country. Sikhs are concentrated in Punjab; Muslims have majority in the northwestern Kashmir and Lakhadweep; Buddhists compose over 50% population in Western Kashmir, immediately south of it and Sikkim; Mixed religious areas are in the northeastern and southwestern tip of the country. By applying factor analysis technique it is possible to delineate religious regions of India with five major classes: Mainly Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist and Mixed. There are several pockets where Hindus form the main religious group, but Muslims, Christians and others are secondary.  相似文献   

Post-breakup basaltic magmatism along the East Greenland Tertiary rifted margin     

Stefan Bernstein  Peter B Kelemen  Christian Tegner  Mark D Kurz  Jurek Blusztajn  C.Kent Brooks 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1998,160(3-4):845-862

Mafic and ultramafic intrusions in East Greenland adjacent to the offshore Greenland–Iceland ridge were emplaced 5–9 My after continental breakup at 55 Ma [1]. Rare earth element (REE) concentrations determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry are reported for cumulus clinopyroxene from these intrusions, and the data are used to estimate REE abundance in equilibrium melts using available partitioning data. Estimated equilibrium melts from intrusions have strongly fractionated REE patterns with Nd/Dy(N) in the range 2 to 5.6 and Yb/Dy(N) 0.55 to 0.92, similar to values for coeval basalts. These melts have markedly higher Nd/Dy(N) than earlier breakup related flood basalts. The moderately low Yb/Dy(N) for the post-breakup volcanism is indicative of residual garnet in the source, while their high Nd/Dy(N) ratios can best be explained by aggregating low degree melts from a light-REE-enriched garnet- and spinel-bearing mantle source. We also report He, Sr, and Nd isotopic data for the intrusions. The highest ³He/⁴He ratios (>10 R/R_a) are found in the samples whose REE data reflect the largest proportion of melts from a garnet-bearing source, and having Sr and Nd isotopic compositions identical with the radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd isotope end of the Iceland compositional field. There is no indication of a MORB-type mantle in the source of the intrusions. We postulate that post-breakup volcanism along the East Greenland coastline reflects the increasing proximity of the mantle plume to the East Greenland continental margin. The low degree of melting at high mean pressure inferred for the parental melts for the intrusions may reflect re-thickening of the lithosphere, which in turn was caused by the vigorous volcanism during breakup, with accompanying depletion of upper mantle and underplating of the crust at the continental margin.  相似文献   

Effects of alteration on element distributions in archean tholeiites from the Barberton greenstone belt,South Africa     

Kent C. Condie  M. J. Viljoen  E. J. D. Kable 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1977,64(1):75-89

Major and trace element and modal analyses are presented for unaltered, epidotized, and carbonated tholeiite flows from the Barberton greenstone belt. Au, As, Sb, Sr, Fe⁺³, Ca, Br, Ga, and U are enriched and H₂O, Na, Mg, Fe⁺², K, Rb, Ba, Si, Ti, P, Ni, Cs, Zn, Nb, Cu, Zr, and Co are depleted during epidotization. CO₂, H₂O, Fe⁺², Ti, Zn, Y, Nb, Ga, Ta, and light REE are enriched and Na, Sr, Cr, Ba, Fe⁺³, Ca, Cs, Sb, Au, Mn, and U are depleted during carbonization-chloritization. The elements least affected by epidotization are Hf, Ta, Sc, Cr, Th, and REE; those least affected by carbonization-chloritization are Hf, Ni, Co, Zr, Th, and heavy REE. Both alteration processes can significantly change major element concentrations (and ratios) and hence caution should be used in distinguishing tholeiites from komatiites based on major elements alone. The amount of variation of many of the least mobile trace elements in the altered flows is approximately the same as allowed by magma model calculations. Hence, up to about 10% carbonization and 60% epidotization of tholeiite do not appreciably affect the interpretation of trace-element models for magma generation.  相似文献   

Trace element model studies of Nyanzian greenstone belts,western Kenya     

Philip A. Davis  Kent C. Condie 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1977,41(2):271-277

The Archean greenstone belts of the Nyanzian System in western Kenya are composed principally of andesite with minor tholeiitic basalt and siliceous volcanics. The Nyanzian tholeiite is an intermediate-K tholeiite with a flat REE pattern. There are two chemically-distinct andesites: a low-K andesite (Andesite I) and a high-K andesite (Andesite II). The REE pattern of the Andesite II is enriched in light REE and depleted in heavy REE relative to Andesite I.Major and trace element calculations indicate an origin for the Nyanzian tholeiite by 35–40% equilibrium melting of a lherzolite source followed by 10% shallow fractional crystallization. Similar calculations best explain Andesite I and Andesite II by 20 and 5% melting, respectively, of an ecologite or garnet amphibolite source of Nyanzian tholeiite composition. The rhyolite may have formed either by 20–30% partial melting of a siliceous granulite or by 20–30% fractional crystallization of a granodiorite parent magma.With respect to total exposure areas, the Nyanzian volcanics have significantly less tholeiite and more Andesite and siliceous volcanics than other Archean greenstone belts. If these abundances are representative, two models are proposed to explain the anomalous abundances of Andesite and siliceous volcanics. The first model involves an Archaen upper mantle with a relatively low geothermal gradient beneath Kenya, while the second model involves a relatively cool mantle plume. Both models inhibit ascent of a significant amount of primary tholeiite to the surface and prevent formation of secondary tholeiite. Other Archean greenstone terranes with higher mantle geotherms or hotter mantle plumes would receive higher proportions of mafic and ultramafic magmas.  相似文献