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61.
Sohiko Kameyama Urumu Tsunogai Fumiko Nakagawa Motoki Sasakawa Daisuke D. Komatsu Akira Ijiri Junko Yamaguchi Takeo Horiguchi Hiroshi Kawamura Aika Yamaguchi Atsushi Tsuda 《Marine Chemistry》2009,115(1-2):92-101
During the Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study ΙΙ (SEEDS-II), we monitored variations in the concentrations of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), CH3Cl, N2O, and CH4 within a phytoplankton bloom. Stable isotopic compositions were also determined to evaluate the sources of the variations. Although there was little variation in either the concentrations or the stable isotopic compositions of alkenes, CH3Cl, N2O, and CH4 during the 23-day observation period, alkane concentrations increased substantially as the phytoplankton bloomed. The column-integrated quantities of alkanes increased to 3 times pre-bloom levels for C2H6, 5 times for C3H8, and 20 times for n-C4H10. The δ13C values of both C2H6 and C3H8 remained almost constant while concentrations increased, whereas that of n-C4H10 increased by about 12‰. To evaluate the sources of the alkanes produced during the bloom, we compared their δ13C values with those of alkanes produced in axenic phytoplankton cultures in our laboratory. We concluded that during the SEEDS-ΙΙ experiment the major portions of C2H6 and C3H8 were produced during the autolysis of diatoms cells, whereas n-C4H10 was produced during autolysis of other phytoplankton cells such as cryptophytes and dinoflagellates. 相似文献
62.
Yoshiyuki Miyazawa Makiko Tateishi Hikaru Komatsu Tomo'omi Kumagai Kyoichi Otsuki 《水文研究》2011,25(18):2924-2930
To examine the feasibility of using ecophysiological data from excised leaves for a meteorological simulation model of gas exchange, we compared the obtained gas exchange rates and the modelled ones using excised leaves and those using intact leaves. Instantaneous gas exchange rates of excised leaves and stomatal control in response to environmental conditions were not significantly different from those of attached leaves. Modelled gas exchange rates based on excised leaf data showed a good fit to the diurnal patterns of in situ measurements. This suggests that use of excised leaf data to predict gas exchange of intact leaves is permissible as long as the effects of excision are pre‐screened as described in this paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
63.
Makio C. Honda Kosei Sasaoka Hajime Kawakami Kazuhiko Matsumoto Shuichi Watanabe Tommy Dickey 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(12):2281-2292
We conducted time-series observations of optical fields near the base of the euphotic zone (approximately 40 m) using moored automatic optical sensors at a time-series station in the Western Pacific Subarctic Gyre from March 2005 to July 2006 (with some gaps). We used the ratio of photosynthetically available radiation at the surface (surface PAR) to in situ quantum irradiance (in situ QI) at about 40 m as an index of opacity (surface PAR/in situ QI), which began to increase in the middle of April and peaked between the end of June and the middle of July 2005. This ratio then decreased toward winter. The ratio increased again beginning in January 2006, and large peaks were observed in June and July 2006. As an index of chlorophyll abundance we used the ratio of spectral irradiance at wavelengths of 555 and 443 nm (Ed555/Ed443) at about 40 m; seasonal variability of this ratio synchronized well with the attenuation coefficient “k” estimated with surface PAR, in situ QI, and BLOOMS depth. We estimated primary productivity (PP) using Ed555/Ed443 and an empirical equation based on a previous model but improved on the basis of shipboard observations. Estimated PP agreed well with observed PP. Seasonal variability of estimated PP was synchronized with that of organic carbon flux observed by sediment traps from approximately 150, 540, 1000, and 5000 m. This study demonstrates that time-series observations of in situ optical fields could contribute to the estimation of primary productivity and the study of the biological pump in the ocean. 相似文献
64.
Jens ORM
David Gomez‐Ortiz Patrick C. McGuire Herbert Henkel Goro Komatsu Angelo Pio Rossi 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2007,42(2):211-222
Abstract— The Sirente crater field consists of a 120 m wide, rimmed main depression flanked to the northwest by about 30 smaller depressions. It has been dated to the first centuries A.D. An impact origin is suggested, but not confirmed. The small size combined with the properties of the target material (carbonate mud) would neither allow shock features diagnostic of impact, nor projectile vaporization. Consequently, a meteoritic component in the sediments would be very localized. At impacts of this size the projectile most likely is an iron meteorite. Any iron meteorites on the ground surface would, in Iron Age Europe, have been removed shortly after the event. However, if the depressions are of impact origin they should contain meteorites at great depth in analogy with known craters. The magnetic properties of iron meteorites differ distinctly from the very low magnetic sediments and sedimentary rocks of the Sirente area. We have used a proton precession magnetometer/gradiometer to produce magnetic anomaly maps over four of the smaller depressions (~8 m diameter), as well as two crossing profiles over a fifth depression (~22 m diameter). All show distinct magnetic anomalies of about 20 nT, the larger depression up to 100 nT. Magnetic modeling shows a best fit for structures with upturned strata below their rims, excluding a karstic origin but supporting an explosive formation. The 100 nT anomaly can only be explained by highly‐magnetic objects at a few meters depth. All together, the magnetic data provides a strong indication for an impact origin of the crater field. 相似文献
65.
66.
Tomonori Kume Odair J Manfroi Masakazu Suzuki Katsunori Tanaka Koichiro Kuraji Michiko Nakagawa Hikaru Komatsu Tomo'omi Kumagai 《水文研究》2008,22(18):3689-3696
South‐east Asian Bornean tropical rainforests have large and complex canopy structures. To clarify how forest structure affects wet‐canopy evaporation, it is necessary to consider wet‐canopy evaporation processes within the forest canopy, such as vertical profiles of canopy drying time. In a previous study a method was proposed that utilizes sap flow measurements to estimate canopy drying time after rainfall (CDTobs) during daytime. In this present study, the method was applied to estimations of the vertical variations in CDTobs in 11 individual trees of various heights, ranging from 2·7 m to 53 m. The study derived vertical profiles and showed that the lengths of CDTobs in lower canopy trees were 2–4 h longer than those in the upper canopy trees. The new method for CDTobs profiles presented in this study, which is available for validation of multi‐layer biosphere‐atmospheric models, is a useful illustration for clarifying wet‐canopy evaporation processes in tropical rainforests. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
67.
Urumu Tsunogai Kanae Kamimura Saya Anzai Fumiko Nakagawa Daisuke D. Komatsu 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(16):4531-4546
In high-temperature volcanic fumaroles (>400 °C), the isotopic composition of molecular hydrogen (H2) reaches equilibrium with that of the fumarolic H2O. In this study, we used this hydrogen isotope exchange equilibrium of fumarolic H2 as a tracer for the remote temperature at volcanic fumaroles. In this remote sensing, we deduced the hydrogen isotopic composition (δD value) of fumarolic H2 from those in the volcanic plume. To ascertain that we can estimate the δD value of fumarolic H2 from those in a volcanic plume, we estimated the values in three fumaroles with outlet temperatures of 630 °C (Tarumae), 203 °C (Kuju), and 107 °C (E-san). For this we measured the concentration and δD value of H2 in each volcanic plume, along with those determined directly at each fumarole. The average and maximum mixing ratios of fumarolic H2 within a plume’s total H2 were 97% and 99% (at Tarumae), 89% and 96% (at Kuju), and 97% and 99% (at E-san). We found a linear relationship between the depletion in the δD values of H2, with the reciprocal of H2 concentration. Furthermore, the estimated end-member δD value for each H2-enriched component (−260 ± 30‰ vs. VSMOW in Tarumae, −509 ± 23‰ in Kuju, and −437 ± 14‰ in E-san) coincided well with those observed at each fumarole (−247.0 ± 0.6‰ in Tarumae, −527.7 ± 10.1‰ in Kuju, and −432.1 ± 2.5‰ in E-san). Moreover, the calculated isotopic temperatures at the fumaroles agreed to within 20 °C with the observed outlet temperature at Tarumae and Kuju. We deduced that the δD value of the fumarolic H2 was quenched within the volcanic plume. This enabled us to remotely estimate these in the fumarole, and thus the outlet temperature of fumaroles, at least for those having the outlet temperatures more than 400 °C. By applying this methodology to the volcanic plume emitted from the Crater 1 of Mt. Naka-dake (the volcano Aso) where direct measurement on fumaroles was impractical, we estimated that the δD value of the fumarolic H2 to be −172 ± 16‰ and the outlet temperature to be 868 ± 97 °C. The remote temperature sensing using hydrogen isotopes developed in this study is widely applicable to many volcanic systems. 相似文献
68.
Riko Iizuka Hiroyuki Kagi Kazuki Komatsu Daichi Ushijima Satoshi Nakano Asami Sano-Furukawa Takaya Nagai Takehiko Yagi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(10):777-785
The pressure responses of portlandite and the isotope effect on the phase transition were investigated at room temperature
from single-crystal Raman and IR spectra and from powder X-ray diffraction using diamond anvil cells under quasi-hydrostatic
conditions in a helium pressure-transmitting medium. Phase transformation and subsequent peak broadening (partial amorphization)
observed from the Raman and IR spectra of Ca(OH)2 occurred at lower pressures than those of Ca(OD)2. In contrast, no isotope effect was found on the volume and axial compressions observed from powder X-ray diffraction patterns.
X-ray diffraction lines attributable to the high-pressure phase remained up to 28.5 GPa, suggesting no total amorphization
in a helium pressure medium within the examined pressure region. These results suggest that the H–D isotope effect is engendered
in the local environment surrounding H(D) atoms. Moreover, the ratio of sample-to-methanol–ethanol pressure medium (i.e.,
packing density) in the sample chamber had a significant effect on the increase in the half widths of the diffraction lines,
even at pressures below the hydrostatic limit of the pressure medium. 相似文献
69.
Calcium and magnesium‐bearing sabugalite occurs as aggregations of yellowish platy crystals in veinlets or druses in conglomerate from the oxidized parts of the Tono uranium deposit, Central Japan. X‐ray powder diffractometry of this mineral has reflections consistent with previous powder diffraction data of sabugalite. It is included in the monoclinic system with space group C2/m and calculated cell parameters of a = 19.68Å, b = 9.89Å, c = 9.82Å α = γ = 90°, β‐96.93° and V = 1897.83Å3. Chemical analysis yields a formula of (Ca0.10 Mg0.09)Σ0.19Al0.53(UO2)2.04((PO4)1.99(AsO4)0.01)Σ2.00·11.22H2O. EMPA mapping shows that the mineral is compositionally uniform with no micron‐scale layering. Charge of cations including Ca and Mg in the cation‐H2O layer is 1.98 being identical to that of autunite group minerals. This suggests that the charge balance in the cation‐H2O layer of the mineral could be made by the alkaline earth or alkaline elements rather than by hydrogen ions. 相似文献
70.
Yoshitaka Komatsu Hiroaki Kato Bo Zhu Tao Wang Fan Yang Randeep Rakwal Yuichi Onda 《山地科学学报》2018,15(4):738-751
Purple soil is highly susceptible for overland flow and surface erosion, therefore understanding surface runoff and soil erosion processes in the purple soil region are important to mitigate flooding and erosion hazards. Slope angle is an important parameter that affects the magnitude of runoff and thus surface erosion in hilly landscapes or bare land area. However, the effect of slope on runoff generation remains unclear in many different soils including Chinese purple soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between different slope gradients and surface runoff for bare-fallow purple soil, using 5 m × 1.5 m experimental plots under natural rainfall conditions. Four experimental plots(10°, 16°, 20° and 26°) were established in theYanting Agro-ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Science in central Sichuan Basin. The plot was equipped with water storage tank to monitor water level change. Field monitoring from July 1 to October 31, 2012 observed 42 rainfall events which produced surface runoff from the experimental plots. These water level changes were converted to runoff. The representative eight rainfall events were selected for further analysis, the relationship between slope and runoff coefficient were determined using ANOVA, F-test, and z-score analysis. The results indicated a strong correlation between rainfall and runoff in cumulative amount basis. The mean value of the measured runoff coefficient for four experimental plots was around 0.1. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between slope and runoff coefficient. We reviewed the relationship between slope and runoff in many previous studiesand calculated z-score to compare with our experimental results. The results of z-score analysis indicated that both positive and negative effects of slope on runoff coefficient were obtained, however a moderate gradient(16°-20° in this study) could be a threshold of runoff generation for many different soils including the Chinese purple soil. 相似文献