Remote estimation of terrestrial evapotranspiration by Landsat 5 TM and the SEBAL model in cold and high‐altitude regions: a case study of the upper reach of the Shule River Basin,China          下载免费PDF全文

Yaping Chang  Yongjian Ding  Qiudong Zhao  Shiqiang Zhang 《水文研究》2017,31(3):514-524

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important expenditure in water and energy balances, especially on cold and high‐altitude land surfaces. Daily ET of the upper reach of the Shule River Basin was estimated using Landsat 5 TM data and the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model. Based on observations made at the Suli station, the algorithms of land surface temperature and soil heat flux in SEBAL were modified. Land surface temperature was retrieved and compared with ground truth via three methods: the radiative transfer equation method, the mono‐window algorithm, and the single‐channel method. We selected the best of these methods, mono‐window algorithm, for estimating ET. The average error of daily ET estimated by the modified SEBAL model and measured by the eddy covariance system was 16.4%, with a root‐mean‐square error of 0.52 mm d^?1. The estimated ET means were 3.09, 2.48, and 1.48 mm d^?1 on June 9 (DOY 160), June 25 (DOY 176), and July 27 (DOY 208) of the year 2010, respectively. The average estimated ET on the glacier surface of all days was more than 3 mm d^?1, a measurement that is difficult to capture in‐situ and has rarely been reported. This study will improve the understanding of water balance in cold, high‐altitude regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Measurement of stream cross section using ground penetration radar with Hilbert–Huang transform          下载免费PDF全文

Yen‐Chang Chen  Su‐Pai Kao  Jhong‐Hua Wu 《水文研究》2014,28(4):2468-2477

This study presents a new method to measure stream cross section without having contact with water. Compared with conventional measurement methods which apply instruments such as sounding weight, ground penetration radar (GPR), used in this study, is a non‐contact measurement method. This non‐contact measurement method can reduce the risk to hydrologists when they are conducting measurements, particularly in high flow period. However, the original signals obtained by using GPR are very complex, different from studies in the past where the measured data were mostly interpreted by experts with special skill or knowledge of GPR so that the results obtained were less objective. This study employs Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) to process GPR signals which are difficult to interpret by hydrologists. HHT is a newly developed signal processing method that can not only process the nonlinear and non‐stationary complex signals, but also maintain the physical significance of the signal itself. Using GPR with HHT, this study establishes a non‐contact stream cross‐section measurement method with the ability to measure stream cross‐sectional areas precisely and quickly. Also, in comparison with the conventional method, no significant difference in results is found to exist between the two methods, but the new method can considerably reduce risk, measurement time, and manpower. It is proven that the non‐contact method combining GPR with HHT is applicable to quickly and accurately measure stream cross section. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Estimation of building damage rates from future earthquakes in Taiwan in terms of MMI     

Kuei-Pao Chen  Wen-Yen Chang 《Natural Hazards》2015,79(1):645-660

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Changes in the characteristics of atmosphere–ocean interactions over the South China Sea during summer     

Hye-Yeong Jang  Sang-Wook Yeh  Eun-Chul Chang  Baek-Min Kim 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(7-8):2311-2311

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Effects of Interface Behavior on Fracture Spacing in Layered Rock     

Xu Chang  Jianhua Wang  Chunan Tang  Zhongliang Ru 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2016,49(5):1733-1746

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Northern Hemisphere winter storm track trends since 1959 derived from multiple reanalysis datasets     

Edmund K. M. Chang  Albert M. W. Yau 《Climate Dynamics》2016,47(5-6):1435-1454

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一次江淮气旋复杂降水相态特征及成因分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘畅  杨成芳  宋嘉佳 《气象科学》2016,36(3):411-417

本文应用常规探空资料、地面观测资料、欧洲中心细网格(0.25°×0.25°)数值预报初始场资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料分析了山东一次江淮气旋降雪过程的复杂相态特征,并初步分析了成因。结论如下:(1)山东省2014年2月16—17日的雨雪天气过程,降水相态多样性和相态转化复杂性是主要特点,表现为同一时刻雨、雪和雨夹雪三种相态共存,郯城站降水相态逆转(由雨夹雪转雨再转雪),鲁东南地区降雪同时鲁西南地区降雨的"东雪西雨"现象。(2)在系统发展不强的江淮气旋降雪过程中,鲁中山区相对高海拔地区夜间强烈的辐射降温和山脉迎风坡的动力抬升作用均会造成边界层温度的降低,后期对流层低层为东北风控制时,除鲁中山区外,其迎风坡东麓或东北麓(潍坊地区)出现固态降水可能性也较大,一般情况下,地面2 m温度为1~2℃,1 000 hPa温度为0℃左右,925 hPa温度为-3℃左右,可出现固液共存降水现象。(3)相态逆转现象的发生与江淮气旋发展阶段和气温日变化两个因素紧密相关。0℃层在925 hPa上下的状态是一种临界状态,可产生雨夹雪或雨,但0℃层高度下降不是由雨转雪的充分条件,还需考察冷平流发展情况。(4)当江淮气旋生成地偏东(位于长江口附近),且发展不强烈时,山东若受其影响产生降水,后期上游如有新系统发展,可能与气旋共同影响山东,造成复杂相态的江淮气旋降雪过程。  相似文献   

Assessing Performance of Tomo-SAR and Backscattering Coefficient for Hemi-Boreal Forest Aboveground Biomass Estimation     

Wenmei Li  Erxue Chen  Zengyuan Li  Wangfei Zhang  Chang Jiang 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》2016,44(1):41-48

Tomo-SAR technique has been used for hemi-boreal forest height and further forest biomass estimation through allometric equation. Backscattering coefficient especially in longer wavelength (L- or P-band) is thought as a useful parameter for hemi-boreal forest biomass retrieval. The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of vertical backscattering power and backscattering coefficient for hemi-boreal forest aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation with airborne P-band data. The test site locates in southern Sweden called Remningstorp test site, and the in-situ forest AGB ranges from 14 t/ha to 245 t/ha at stand level. Multi-baseline P-band Pol-InSAR data in repeat-path mode collected during March and May in 2007 at Remningstorp test site was used. We found that the correlation coefficient (R) between backscattering coefficient of P-band HH polarization and the in-situ forest biomass reached 0.87. The R for P-band VV backscattering power at 5 m is 0.71 and 10 m is 0.72. Backscattering coefficient in HH polarization and vertical backscattering power at 5 m and 10 m were applied to construct a model for hemi-boreal forest AGB estimation by backward step-wise regression and cross-validation approach. The results showed that the estimated forest AGB ranges from 19 to 240 t/ha, and the constructed model obtained a higher R and smaller RMSE, the value of R is 0.91, RMSE is 30.43 t/ha at Remningstorp test site.  相似文献   

Modified compressive sensing approach for GNSS signal reception in the presence of interference     

Chung-Liang Chang 《GPS Solutions》2016,20(2):201-213

Pre-processing traditional navigation signals in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers includes the conversion of an analog-to-digital sample and acquisition following the basic principle of Nyquist sampling theory. This condition inevitably increases the system computation time and cost of a modern wideband receiver. In recent years, the compressive sensing (CS) approach has been proven to effectively reduce the number of measurement samples required for digital signal acquisition systems. This method gives new potential to this modern design. In this study, a modified compressive sensing algorithm for the acquisition of a GNSS signal that is contaminated by an interfering signal is presented. The proposed method attempts to combine CS demodulation and the subspace projecting method to enhance GNSS signal acquisition performance with interference present. First, the received signal is sub-sampled and aliased from a compressive sampling process. This operation maintains the restricted isometry property (RIP) condition of the second sampling process using a Toeplitz-structured sensing matrix, which replaces a conventional random sensing matrix. The matrix ensures that distances between desired signals on the set of sparse space are not influenced by the sampling process. Next, the interference is eliminated through the orthogonal feature between the interference signal and the desired signal using the subspace projecting method. This also preserves the RIP of the projecting matrix to ensure that the original structure of the linear projection of the signal is preserved. After this, an iterative least-square method is utilized to recover the correlator output from the reception samples taken by the CS demodulator. In addition, the signal detection performance in the presence of co-channel interference using a CS demodulator is analyzed and evaluated. Finally, the relationships between signal detection probability, compressive factor and signal bandwidth are also illustrated. Several numerical results are presented to verify the theory.  相似文献   

Improvement of saponification extraction method for fatty acids separation from geological samples     

Jiang Chang  Yanqing Xia  Suping Ma  Xuan Fang  Minzhuo Sun 《中国地球化学学报》2016,35(2):148-155

The conventional saponification method could result in lower recoveries and artificial changes of long-chain fatty acids. The main reason is the error judgment of the intermediate layer suspended between the aqueous and organic layer during the liquid–liquid extraction process. This study shows that the intermediate layer consists of lots of medium- to long-chain carboxylic salts for their special physical and chemical properties. An improved saponification extraction method is also developed and the results show that the carboxylic salts distributed in the intermediate layer could be obtained completely, which greatly enhances the authenticity and accuracy of fatty acid analysis. Additionally, the possible reasons of formation of the intermediate layer are also discussed.  相似文献