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41.
Sea-level and current measurements have been performed in the Mok Bay, a tidal embayment in the Dutch Wadden Sea, situated
on the island of Texel, the Netherlands. Characteristic for this estuary is its nonuniform hypsometry. Oscillations in both
water level and inflow of the estuary were observed, with characteristic frequencies of 31 and 48 cycles per day. The significant
change in basin shape between low and high water is the cause for the existence of these two frequencies of resonance. Due
to its semi-enclosed nature, the basin could at both tidal phases be characterized as a Helmholtz resonator, albeit of different
dimensions. Depth measurements were performed to find these characteristic dimensions of the estuary, allowing the determination
of its theoretical Helmholtz frequencies. These estimates match to within 10% with the observed frequencies, and this deviation
can partly be explained. Although sea level oscillations at these frequencies have small amplitude (of order 1 cm), the accompanying
oscillatory flow at the entrance is of similar magnitude as the tidal flow. The water level measurements (spanning only 8 days
of data) were therefore modeled using a piecewise-uniform hypsometry that approximates the real hypsometric curve well. The
simplified semi-analytical piecewise-linear viscous Helmholtz model captures the observed combination of tidal and eigenoscillations
well. However, despite its simplicity, this model is able to display nonlinear behavior for certain parameter values. This
is because of the intrinsic nonlinearity that accompanies the matching of the low and high water phases. In the setting studied
here, bifurcations up to period 13 were found. This nonlinear type of response may be of importance in facilitating an extra
exchange of sediments and nutrients between the Bay and the sea. 相似文献
42.
Tissue distribution of metals in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Apulian coasts, southern Italy. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Tissue distributions of metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese) were determined in six specimens of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba, Meyen) stranded on the Apulian coasts (Southern Italy) between February and June 1987. Methyl mercury and selenium were also determined in the liver samples. The liver accumulated the highest concentrations of metals, except for cadmium and chromium. Metal levels were higher than those found in dolphins living in the Atlantic, but lower than those recorded in the same species from the French Mediterranean coasts. Necroscopic surveys found that all specimens were affected by haemorrhagic gastritis, but the cause was not clear. While it was not possible to related the death of dolphins to a specific cause, or to contaminants, the accumulation of metals is likely to contribute to the health of the organism and represents a risk factor for dolphins. 相似文献
43.
Brian Levine Lucy Burkitt Dave Horne Chris Tanner James Sukias Leo Condron John Paterson 《水文研究》2021,35(8):e14309
Erosion leading to sedimentation in surface water may disrupt aquatic habitats and deliver sediment-bound nutrients that contribute to eutrophication. Land use changes causing loss of native vegetation have accelerated already naturally high erosion rates in New Zealand and increased sedimentation in streams and lakes. Sediment-bound phosphorus (P) makes up 71–79% of the 17–19 t P y−1 delivered from anthropogenic sources to Lake Rotorua in New Zealand. Detainment bunds (DBs) were first implemented in the Lake Rotorua catchment in 2010 as a strategy to address P losses from pastoral agriculture. The bunds are 1.5–2 m high earthen stormwater retention structures constructed across the flow path of targeted low-order ephemeral streams with the purpose of temporarily ponding runoff on productive pastures. The current DB design protocol recommends a minimum pond volume of 120 m3 ha−1 of contributing catchment with a maximum pond storage capacity of 10 000 m3. No previous study has investigated the ability of DBs to decrease annual suspended sediment (SS) loads leaving pastoral catchments. Annual SS yields delivered to two DBs with 20 ha and 55 ha catchments were 109 and 28 kg SS ha−1, respectively, during this 12-month study. The DBs retained 1280 kg (59%) and 789 kg (51%) of annual SS loads delivered from the catchments as a result of the bunds' ability to impede stormflow and facilitate soil infiltration and sediment deposition. The results of this study highlight the ability of DBs to decrease SS loads transported from pastures in surface runoff, even during large storm events, and suggests DBs are able to reduce P loading in Lake Rotorua. 相似文献
44.
Abstract— After the impact that formed Haughton crater, 22.4 ± 1.4 Ma ago (early Miocene), the cavity filled with water and began to accumulate lacustrine sediments. These preserve detailed evidence of pre-impact stratigraphy and post-impact morphology and development of the crater, as well as of the climatic and biotic regime in which it lay. In this report we formally designate these sediments as the Haughton Formation, of which only a 48 m thick remnant covering approximately 7 km2 still exists. Dolomite-rich, poorly-sorted silt, fine sand, and mud are the principal lithologies. The formation unconformably overlies a blanket of allochthonous impact breccia forming the floor of the original crater. Presence of a debris-flow deposit in the base of the sequence indicates that lacustine deposition began very shortly after crater formation. The Haughton Formation contains a moderately diverse and highly endemic vertebrate fauna as well as palynomorphs and plant macrofossils that indicate a cool-temperate climatic regime. A small percentage of reworked Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary palynomorphs point to the former existence of the Eureka Sound Formation in the drainage area of the crater. In addition, the distribution of the lake beds indicates the absence of an inner ring on the west side of the crater, and the 3° to 3.5° inward dip of Haughton strata implies that the central mass has subsided approximately 300 to 350 m since deposition began. 相似文献
45.
Rocky Dunlap Leo Mark Spencer Rugaber V. Balaji Julien Chastang Luca Cinquini Cecelia DeLuca Don Middleton Sylvia Murphy 《Earth Science Informatics》2008,1(3-4):131-149
The Earth System Curator is a National Science Foundation sponsored project developing a metadata formalism for describing the digital resources used in climate simulations. The primary motivating observation of the project is that a simulation/model’s source code plus the configuration parameters required for a model run are a compact representation of the dataset generated when the model is executed. The end goal of the project is a convergence of models and data where both resources are accessed uniformly from a single registry. In this paper we review the current metadata landscape of the climate modeling community, present our work on developing a metadata formalism for describing climate models, and reflect on technical challenges we have faced that require new research in the area of Earth Science Informatics. 相似文献
46.
Peter Neumayr John Walshe Steffen Hagemann Klaus Petersen Anthony Roache Peter Frikken Leo Horn Scott Halley 《Mineralium Deposita》2008,43(3):363-371
Hydrothermal sulfide–oxide–gold mineral assemblages in gold deposits in the Archaean St. Ives gold camp in Western Australia
indicate extremely variable redox conditions during hydrothermal alteration and gold mineralization in space and time. Reduced
alteration assemblages (pyrrhotite–pyrite) occur in deposits in the southwest of the camp (e.g., Argo, Junction deposits)
and moderately to strongly oxidized assemblages (magnetite–pyrite, hematite–pyrite) occur in deposits in the Central Corridor
in the northeast (e.g., North Orchin, Revenge deposits). Reduced mineral assemblages flank the Central Corridor of oxidized
deposits and, locally, cut across it along E–W trending faults. Oxidized mineral assemblages in the Central Corridor are focused
on gravity lows which are interpreted to reflect abundant felsic porphyritic intrusions at about 1,000 m below present surface.
Hydrothermal magnetite predates and is synchronous with early phases of gold-associated albite–carbonate–pyrite–biotite–chlorite
hydrothermal alteration. Later-stage, gold-associated pyrite is in equilibrium with hematite. The spatial distribution and
temporal sequence of iron sulfides and oxides with gold indicate the presence of at least two spatially restricted but broadly
synchronous hydrothermal fluids with contrasting redox states. Sulfur isotope constraints support the argument that the different
mineral assemblages reflect differences in redox conditions. The δ
34S values for pyrite for the St. Ives gold camp range between −8.4‰ and +5.1‰ with the negative values occurring in oxidized
magnetite-rich domains and slightly negative or positive values occurring in reduced, pyrrhotitic domains. Preliminary spatial
and paragenetic analysis of the distribution of iron sulfides and oxides in the St. Ives camp suggests that gold grades are
highest where the redox state of the hydrothermal alteration assemblages switches from relatively reduced pyrrhotite–pyrite
to relatively oxidized magnetite–pyrite and hematite–pyrite both in space and time. Gold deposition is inferred to have occurred
where fluids of contrasting redox state mixed. 相似文献
47.
Adam Lewis Leo Lymburner Matthew B. J. Purss Brendan Brooke Ben Evans Alex Ip 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2016,9(1):106-111
The effort and cost required to convert satellite Earth Observation (EO) data into meaningful geophysical variables has prevented the systematic analysis of all available observations. To overcome these problems, we utilise an integrated High Performance Computing and Data environment to rapidly process, restructure and analyse the Australian Landsat data archive. In this approach, the EO data are assigned to a common grid framework that spans the full geospatial and temporal extent of the observations – the EO Data Cube. This approach is pixel-based and incorporates geometric and spectral calibration and quality assurance of each Earth surface reflectance measurement. We demonstrate the utility of the approach with rapid time-series mapping of surface water across the entire Australian continent using 27 years of continuous, 25?m resolution observations. Our preliminary analysis of the Landsat archive shows how the EO Data Cube can effectively liberate high-resolution EO data from their complex sensor-specific data structures and revolutionise our ability to measure environmental change. 相似文献
48.
Leo Minder 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1926,3(3-4):1-70
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
49.
Giulio Alessandro De Leo Marco Bartoli Mariachiara Naldi Pierluigi Viaroli 《Marine Ecology》2002,23(S1):92-100
Abstract. In this work we have developed a very simple stochastic mathematical model of Ulva spp. growth to quantitatively evaluate the economic costs of algal harvesting and the related benefits in terms of avoided'economic loss'of clam production due to an effective prevention of algal blooms and the consequent anoxic crises. Algal growth was simulated by means of a discrete time difference equation of Ulva biomass where the finite growth rate depends only upon water temperature. In order to explicitly include environmental variability, a seasonal autoregressive model calibrated on available data was used to simulate water temperature. Different harvesting scenarios were analysed in terms of the number of harvesting vessels employed and the threshold biomass of Ulva at which vessels start to operate. Costs of algal harvesting and disposal, as well as monetary damages resulting from the collapse of clam production as a consequence of algal blooms, were assessed by interviewing the managers of the Clam Fishermen's Union of Goro. A Monte Carlo approach was used to estimate the mean and total statistical distribution of costs and benefits of different harvesting strategies. Our analysis shows that the most cost-effective management policy is attained with 4–6 vessels operating at low algal density able to harvest as much Ulva as possible with intensive and short interventions at the beginning of the seasonal growth. 相似文献
50.
Assessment of Planetary Boundary-Layer Schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Mesoscale Model Using MATERHORN Field Data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1