Application of High Spatial Resolution Laser Ablation ICP-MS to Crystal-Melt Trace Element Partition Coefficient Determination     

Maurizio Petrelli  Luca Caricchi  Peter Ulmer 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2007,31(1):13-25

In this contribution we evaluate the capabilities of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) using a 12 μm spot size. Precision, accuracy and detection limits were assessed on the USGS BCR-2G reference material. We demonstrate that the 12 μm LA-ICP-MS analyses of experimentally-grown amphibole and garnet are in excellent agreement with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) trace element determinations on the same crystals. The 12 μm spot size configuration was subsequently used to determine trace element crystal-melt partition coefficients (D_c/m) for a wide range of trace elements in amphibole in equilibrium with a basanitic melt. The following strategy to determine accurately and evaluate D_c/m is proposed. One or more major elements determined previously by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used to ensure consistency between EPMA and the composition of the aerosol produced by the laser ablation. Measured D_c/m values were successively evaluated using the lattice strain model. The use of this strategy significantly improved the precision and accuracy of D_c/m determination when a LA-ICP-MS configuration with a high spatial resolution was employed.  相似文献   

Decentralization, forests and livelihoods: Theory and narrative   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Luca Tacconi   《Global Environmental Change》2007,17(3-4):338-348

This paper discusses the theory of decentralized forest management, the associated narrative and the underlying hypotheses. That discussion informs the assessment of whether decentralization can lead to forest conservation. The paper argues that the ideal model of democratic decentralization described in the literature is unlikely to be implemented given the governance constraints present in many tropical forest countries. Even if that model could be implemented, it is shown that decentralization cannot be expected to necessarily lead to forest conservation. The policies required to complement the current decentralization model are discussed, including financial incentives and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.  相似文献   

Incommensurate–normal phase transition in natural melilite: an in situ high-temperature X-ray single-crystal study     

Luca Bindi  P. Bonazzi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2005,32(2):89-96

The structure of a natural melilite with chemical composition (Ca_1.87Sr_0.02Na_0.10K_0.02)_2.01(Mg_0.96Al_0.07)_1.03(Si_1.98Al_0.02)_2.00O₇ has been investigated by X-ray single-crystal diffraction methods within the temperature range 298–773 K. The values of the coefficient of the modulation wave vector were determined at 298 K, 323 K, 348 K, and 358 K. These values show a continuous linear decrease from 0.2833(6) at 298 K to 0.2763(9) at 358 K. The incommensurate phase undergoes a phase transition to the normal phase at 359 K. The refinements of the structure, carried out at 298 K, 348 K, 359 K, 373 K, 413 K, 463 K, 513 K, 573 K, 673 K, and 773 K, showed that the normal phase (high-temperature phase) does not significantly differ from the basic structure (the average structure of the incommensurate structure). This study confirms that in natural melilites with chemical composition close to that of åkermanite the wavelength of the incommensurate modulation increases when the temperature rises. The different behaviour of the q-vector as a function of temperature in natural and synthetic åkermanite is discussed.  相似文献   

PCDD and PCDF intake through consumption of locally produced seafood by Venice lagoon residents: elements for risk management     

Miniero R  Ceretti G  Cherin E  Dellatte E  De Luca S  Ferri F  Fulgenzi AR  Grim F  Iacovella N  Iamiceli AL  Ingelido AM  Vio P  di Domenico A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,50(12):1727-1732

  相似文献   

Strange attractors in plagioclase oscillatory zoning: petrological implications   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Diego?PeruginiEmail author  Giampiero?Poli  Luca?Valentini 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,149(4):482-497

Oscillatory zoning in plagioclase crystals from different mixed lava flows cropping out on the Island of Capraia (Italy) has been investigated. An-calibrated profiles from back-scattered-electron images are used as compositional time series of oscillatory zoning. They are analyzed by a qualitative visual method that allows to appreciate at first sight the global structure of the time series and by a quantitative method to reconstruct the attractors associated to the oscillatory patterns, and to calculate the fractal dimension of attractors. Results show that attractors have fractional dimensions, indicating that series are chaotic. In addition, it is evidenced that there is a wide variation in oscillatory zoning in crystals from the same lava flow and that plagioclase populations from the different lava flows differ in the shape of frequency histograms of attractor dimension. The development of oscillatory zoning is simulated by considering a chemically inhomogeneous magmatic mass governed by chaotic flow fields, coupled with chemical diffusion, in which plagioclase crystals grow according to the availability of nutrients in their neighborhoods. Results show that in such a dynamical system plagioclase crystals develop chaotic zoning patterns analogous to those observed in natural plagioclases. This approach allows us to explain the differences observed in plagioclase crystals from the same lava flow and the differences in the shape of frequency histograms of attractor dimensions in the four lava flows.  相似文献   

A detailed analysis of two seismic sequences in Abruzzo, Central Apennines, Italy     

G. De Luca  R. Scarpa  L. Filippi  A. Gorini  S. Marcucci  P. Marsan  G. Milana  E. Zambonelli 《Journal of Seismology》2000,4(1):1-21

A three-component digital seismic network has been installed along central Apennines since the end of 1991. Two seismic sequences having main shocks of magnitudes 3.9 and 3.7 were recorded in August 1992 and June 1994, respectively. A detailed analysis of these sequences, including multiplet relocation, fault-plane solutions and source parameter estimation, is performed in the present paper. A correlation analysis allowed us to recognize a number of correlated events in the two sequences which were used for relative locations using a master event technique. This analysis allowed to obtain a better alignment of epicentral data along two almost orthogonal directions, following an Apenninic and an anti-Apenninic trend. For the two sequences, fault-plane solutions were evaluated by using a first arrival technique, resulting in mechanisms with predominant normal faulting for the 1992 and 1994 swarms. S-wave polarization analysis allowed to check the stability of the previous solutions and to reduce their range of uncertainty. The same technique was also applied to derive the composite fault-plane solutions from the aftershocks, resulting in solutions which are in good agreement with those derived from the main shocks of both sequences. Source parameters were then derived from the three-component records of 28 well-recorded events with seismic moment in the range 8.5 × 10¹⁰–1.0 × 10¹⁴ Nm. Stress drops ranged in the interval 0.3–52.3 bar and source radii were of the order of 100 m. Their scaling relations are in good agreement with other results derived from the analysis of other Italian earthquakes that occurred in regions of predominantly normal faulting tectonics (Apennines and Calabrian arc).  相似文献   

Geological constraints for earthquake faulting studies in the Colfiorito area (central Italy)     

Giuseppe Cello  Giovanni Deiana  Luca Ferelli  Leonardo Marchegiani  Laura Maschio  Stefano Mazzoli  Alessandro Michetti  Leonello Serva  Emanuele Tondi  Tiziano Vittori 《Journal of Seismology》2000,4(4):357-364

On September 26, 1997, at 00.33 h(GMT), a Mw 5.7 earthquake occurred in the axial zone of theUmbria-Marche Apennines of central Italy, in the Colfiorito basin area. At09.40 h (GMT), a M_w 6.0 earthquake again struck the area withinthe Colfiorito basin, a major intramontane basin filled with Quaternarycontinental deposits. The two main shocks, and the associated aftershockswere within a roughly NNW-SSE trending zone of largest damage (Imax10), in which ground deformation has been observed. Along this trend,Cello et al. (1997a) had mapped a few capable faults, showingtranstensional to pure extensional kinematics. Field inspection of themapped faults, carried out after the main shocks, revealed that some ofthem were locally reactivated (for lengths of several hundreds metres andsurface slip in the range of 2–8 cm) during the September 26, 1997earthquakes.  相似文献   

Impact of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake on groundwater flow in the Gran Sasso carbonate aquifer,Central Italy     

Antonella Amoruso  Luca Crescentini  Marco Petitta  Sergio Rusi  Marco Tallini 《水文研究》2011,25(11):1754-1764

The Mw = 6·3 L'Aquila earthquake on 6 April 2009 produced a mainshock that caused significant changes in the hydrogeology of the Gran Sasso carbonate fractured aquifer: (i) the sudden disappearance at the time of the mainshock of some springs located exactly along the surface trace of the Paganica normal fault (PF); (ii) an immediate increase in the discharge of the Gran Sasso highway tunnel drainages and of other springs and (iii) a progressive increase of the water table elevation at the boundary of the Gran Sasso aquifer during the following months. Using the data collected since the 1990s that include aftershock monitoring as well as data regarding spring discharge, water table elevations, turbidity and rainfall events, a conceptual model of the earthquake's consequences on the Gran Sasso aquifer is proposed herein. In this model that excludes the contribution of seasonal recharge, the short‐term hydrologic effects registered immediately after the mainshock are determined to have been caused by a pore pressure increase related to aquifer deformation. Mid‐term effects observed in the months following the mainshock suggest that there was a change in groundwater hydrodynamics. Supplementary groundwater that flows towards aquifer boundaries and springs in discharge areas reflects a possible increase in hydraulic conductivity in the recharge area, nearby the earthquake fault zone. This increase can be attributed to fracture clearing and/or dilatancy. Simulations by numerical modelling, related to pore pressure and permeability changes with time, show results in accordance with observed field data, supporting the conceptual model and confirming the processes that influenced the answer of the Gran Sasso aquifer to the L'Aquila earthquake. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Confidence interval of real‐time forecast stages provided by the STAFOM‐RCM model: the case study of the Tiber River (Italy)          下载免费PDF全文

Silvia Barbetta  Tommaso Moramarco  Luca Brocca  Marco Franchini  Florisa Melone 《水文研究》2014,28(3):729-743

This study proposes a statistically based procedure to quantify the confidence interval (CI) to be associated to the stages forecast by a simple model called STAge FOrecasting Model‐Rating Curve Model (STAFOM‐RCM). This model can be used for single river reaches characterized by different intermediate drainage areas and mean wave travel times when real‐time stage records, cross section surveys and rating curves are available at both ends. The model requires, at each time of forecast, an estimate of the lateral contribution q_for between the two sections delimiting the reach. The CI of the stage is provided by analyzing the statistical properties of model output in terms of lateral flow, and it is derived from the CI of the lateral contribution q_for which, in turn, is set up by associating to each q_for the q_opt which allows STAFOM‐RCM to reproduce the exact observed stage. From an operative point of view, the q_for values are ranked in order of magnitude and subdivided in classes where the q_opt values can be represented through normal distributions of proper mean and variance from which an interval of selected confidence level for q_for is computed and transferred to the stage. Three river reaches of the Tiber river, in central Italy, are used as case study. A sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to identify the minimum calibration set of flood events. The CIs obtained are consistent with the level of confidence selected and have practical utility. An interesting aspect is that different CI widths can be produced for the same forecast stage since they depend on the estimate of q_for made at the time of forecast. Overall, the proposed procedure for CI estimate is simple and can be conveniently adapted for other forecasting models provided that they have physically based parameters which need to be updated during the forecast. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Analysis of soil moisture dynamics beneath olive trees          下载免费PDF全文

Antonio Jesús Espejo‐Pérez  Luca Brocca  Tommaso Moramarco  Juan V. Giráldez  John Triantafilis  Karl Vanderlinden 《水文研究》2016,30(23):4339-4352

Olive cultivation is a widespread land use in Mediterranean climates. The proper implementation of soil and water conservation practices in groves requires detailed knowledge of the governing hydrological processes. In this work topsoil moisture dynamics under wet and dry conditions and across a small catchment was investigated in the inter row (IR) and directly under the olive tree canopies (UC). We do this using a sensor network (11 stations) and a simple bucket model which was calibrated (June, 2011–2012) and validated (June, 2012–2013). During most of the year the normalized soil moisture contents (s) were greater in the IR than under UC, with an average normalized soil moisture difference of 0.12. The difference between UC and IR normalized soil moisture followed a seasonal pattern, reaching a maximum near 0.30 during spring. An analysis of the normalized soil moisture probability density functions (pdfs) was bimodal, showing characteristic dominant wet and dry soil moisture states, with the highest probability densities for the dry state. Overall the spatial variability of soil moisture was lower UC than in the IR. This was a result of the soil moisture buffering capacity of the canopy with respect to rainfall and evaporation, in addition to observed differences in soil properties. Hourly soil moisture data were successfully modelled (R² > 0.85), both UC and in the IR, yet with the inclusion of a simple formulation for canopy interception for the former. The results provide insight into how olive trees change hydrological processes in their neighbourhood. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献