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121.
Consideration of the mechanisms associated with the granular disintegration of rock has been limited by available data. In most instances, both the size of the transducer and the nature of the study have negated any applicability of the resulting data to the understanding of grain‐to‐grain separation within rock. The application of microthermocouples (≤0·15 mm diameter) and high‐frequency logging (20 s intervals) at a taffoni site on southern Alexander Island and from a rock outcrop on Adelaide Island (Antarctica) provide new data pertaining to the thermal conditions, at the grain scale, of the rock surface. The results show that thermal changes (ΔT/t) can be very high, with values of 22 °C min?1 being recorded. Although available data indicate that there can be differences in frequency and magnitude of ?uctuations as a function of aspect, all aspects experienced some large magnitude (≥2 °C min?1) ?uctuations. Further, in many instances, large thermal changes in more than one direction could occur within 1 min or in subsequent minutes. These data suggest that the surface grains experience rapidly changing stress ?elds that may, with time, effect fatigue at the grain boundaries; albedo differences between grains and the resulting thermal variations are thought to exacerbate this. The available data failed to show any indication of water freezing (an exotherm) and thus it is suggested that microgelivation may not play as large a role in granular breakdown as is often postulated for cold regions, and that in this dry, Antarctic region thermal stress may play a signi?cant role. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
122.
Marie Ekström 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(2):113-126
Wind direction conditions during the 20th century in Scania, southern Sweden, are investigated using an estimated series of monthly wind vector components (east–west u component and north–south v component). The series is developed from a regression relationship between pairwise (1973 to 1997) monthly averages of 10–m surface wind from Scania and a monthly geostrophic wind, based on mean sea level (MSL) pressure data from the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The wind conditions during the 20th century are dominated by winds from southwesterly and westerly directions, particularly during summer and autumn. From the 1980s onwards, increased frequencies of westerly winds are evident in spring and summer; however, similarly large frequencies of westerly winds are also found during the early part of the 20th century. Analysis of the estimated wind series indicates large variation in wind direction during the investigated time period, particularly during 1930 to 1960 when large increases of easterly winds are evident in spring. Increased frequencies of easterly winds were also found in other months during this period but not to the same extent as during the spring season. Thus, the presence of periods with quite different wind characteristics suggests that the overall atmospheric circulation has experienced some shifts in this region during the 20th century. 相似文献
123.
Benoît Flahaut Marie‐Alexandre Laurent Isabelle Thomas 《The Professional geographer》2002,54(1):67-82
This article demonstrates the operation of a simple optimal location‐allocation technique for solving the problem of locating one or several community recycling center(s) within a residential area. The article attempts to measure both transportation and externality costs in comparable units, and to incorporate them into the model. A sensitivity analysis of the results at the level of the nuisance provides further insight into the operation of the model and the relative importance of the quantification of pollution in applied location‐allocation problems. 相似文献
124.
Annie Marie de Grosbois 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(2):471-476
125.
126.
127.
Oxygen isotope systematics of gem corundum deposits in Madagascar: relevance for their geological origin 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Gaston Giuliani Anthony Fallick Michel Rakotondrazafy Daniel Ohnenstetter Alfred Andriamamonjy Théogène Ralantoarison Saholy Rakotosamizanany Marie Razanatseheno Yohann Offant Virginie Garnier Christian Dunaigre Dietmar Schwarz Alain Mercier Voahangy Ratrimo Bruno Ralison 《Mineralium Deposita》2007,42(3):251-270
The oxygen isotopic composition of gem corundum was measured from 22 deposits and occurrences in Madagascar to provide a gemstone
geological identification and characterization. Primary corundum deposits in Madagascar are hosted in magmatic (syenite and
alkali basalt) and metamorphic rocks (gneiss, cordieritite, mafic and ultramafic rocks, marble, and calc-silicate rocks).
In both domains the circulation of fluids, especially along shear zones for metamorphic deposits, provoked in situ transformation
of the corundum host rocks with the formation of metasomatites such as phlogopite, sakenite, and corundumite. Secondary deposits
(placers) are the most important economically and are contained in detrital basins and karsts. The oxygen isotopic ratios
(18O/16O) of ruby and sapphire from primary deposits are a good indicator of their geological origin and reveal a wide range of δ18O (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) between 1.3 and 15.6‰. Metamorphic rubies are defined by two groups of δ18O values in the range of 1.7 to 2.9‰ (cordieritite) and 3.8 to 6.1‰ (amphibolite). “Magmatic” rubies from pyroxenitic xenoliths
contained in the alkali basalt of Soamiakatra have δ18O values ranging between 1.3 and 4.7‰. Sapphires are classified into two main groups with δ18O in the range of 4.7 to 9.0‰ (pyroxenite and feldspathic gneiss) and 10.7 to 15.6‰ (skarn in marble from Andranondambo).
The δ18O values for gem corundum from secondary deposits have a wide spread between −0.3 and 16.5‰. The ruby and sapphire found in
placers linked to alkali basalt environments in the northern and central regions of Madagascar have consistent δ18O values between 3.5 and 6.9‰. Ruby from the placers of Vatomandry and Andilamena has δ18O values of 5.9‰, and between 0.5 and 4.0‰, respectively. The placers of the Ilakaka area are characterized by a huge variety
of colored sapphires and rubies, with δ18O values between −0.3 and 16.5‰, and their origin is debated. A comparison with oxygen isotope data obtained on gem corundum
from Eastern Africa, India, and Sri Lanka is presented. Giant placer deposits from Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Tanzania have
a large variety of colored sapphires and rubies with a large variation in δ18O due to mingling of corundum of different origin: mafic and ultramafic rocks for ruby, desilicated pegmatites for blue sapphire,
syenite for yellow, green, and blue sapphire, and skarn in marbles for blue sapphire. 相似文献
128.
Milan Burša Steve Kenyon Jan Kouba Zdislav Šíma Viliam Vatrt Vojtěch Vítek Marie Vojtíšková 《Journal of Geodesy》2007,81(2):103-110
The TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite alti- meter mission marked a new era in determining the geopotential constant W
0. On the basis of T/P data during 1993–2003 (cycles 11–414), long-term variations in W
0 have been investigated. The rounded value W
0 = 62636856.0 ± 0.5) m
2
s
−2 has already been adopted by the International Astronomical Union for the definition of the constant L
G
= W
0/c
2 = 6.969290134 × 10−10 (where c is the speed of light), which is required for the realization of the relativistic atomic time scale. The constant L
G
, based on the above value of W
0, is also included in the 2003 International Earth Rotation and Reference Frames Service conventions. It has also been suggested
that W
0 is used to specify a global vertical reference system (GVRS). W
0 ensures the consistency with the International Terrestrial Reference System, i.e. after adopting W
0, along with the geocentric gravitational constant (GM), the Earth’s rotational velocity (ω) and the second zonal geopotential
coefficient (J
2) as primary constants (parameters), then the ellipsoidal parameters (a,α) can be computed and adopted as derived parameters. The scale of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 (ITRF2000)
has also been specified with the use of W
0 to be consistent with the geocentric coordinate time. As an example of using W
0 for a GVRS realization, the geopotential difference between the adopted W
0 and the geopotential at the Rimouski tide-gauge point, specifying the North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD88), has been
estimated. 相似文献
129.
Sediment budget data from an 18‐month topographic survey were analysed with data from brief experiments on wind parameters, beach moisture contents, bedforms and sand mobilization in order to monitor conditions and patterns of embryo dune development over a flat 150–1000 m wide accreting upper beach. The surface conditions over the upper beach locally affect aeolian transport, but net dune development over time depends on sustained strong winds and their orientation. Incoming marine sand supplied by storms and onshore winds is reorganized by the dominant offshore to longshore winds into elongated embryo dunes over this upper beach, imprinting a regional morphology of long‐term longshore dune ridge development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
130.
Marie Lothon Fleur Couvreux Sylvie Donier Françoise Guichard Pierre Lacarrère Donald H. Lenschow Joël Noilhan Frédérique Saïd 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(3):425-447
During the Hydrological-Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX)-Sahel, which took place in Niger in the transitional period between
the wet and dry seasons, two French aircraft probed the Sahelian boundary layer to measure sensible and latent heat fluxes.
The measurements over the Niamey area often revealed organised structures of a few km scale that were associated with both
thermals and dry intrusions. We study the impact of these coherent structures using a single day’s aircraft-measured fluxes
and a numerical simulation of that day with a mesoscale model. The numerical simulation at high horizontal resolution (250 m)
contains structures that evolve from streaks in the early morning to cells by noon. This simulation shows distribution, variance
and skewness similar to the observations. In particular, the numerical simulation shows dry intrusions that can penetrate
deeply into the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and even reach the surface in some cases, which is in accordance with the
observed highly negatively skewed water vapour fluctuations. Dry intrusions and thermals organised at a few km scale give
skewed flux statistics and can introduce large errors in measured fluxes. We use the numerical simulation to: (i) evaluate
the contribution of the organised structures to the total flux, and (ii) estimate the impact of the organised structures on
the systematic and random errors resulting from the 1D sampling of the aircraft as opposed to the 2D numerical simulation
estimate. We find a significant contribution by the organised structures to the total resolved fluxes. When rolls occur, and
for a leg length of about 30 times the ABL depth, the 1D sampled flux is shown to be sometimes 20% lower than the corresponding
2D flux when the 1D sampling direction is the same as the main axis of the rolls, whereas the systematic error is much lower
when the direction of the leg is transverse to the rolls. In the case of cells, an underestimate of around 10% can still be
observed with the 1D approach independent of direction, due to poor sampling of the energy-containing scales. 相似文献