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11.
Shuro?YoshikawaEmail author Toshiya?Kanamatsu Kazuhisa?Goto Izumi?Sakamoto Masatoshi?Yagi Mikio?Fujimaki Riichirou?Imura Kenji?Nemoto Hide?Sakaguchi 《Geo-Marine Letters》2015,35(4):315-328
Ongoing geological research into processes operating on the nearshore continental shelf and beyond is vital to our understanding of modern tsunami-generated sediment transport and deposition. This paper investigates the southern part of Sendai Bay, Japan, by means of high-resolution seismic surveys, vibracoring, bathymetric data assimilation, and radioisotope analysis of a core. For the first time, it was possible to identify an erosional surface in the shallow subsurface, formed by both seafloor erosion and associated offshore-directed sediment transport caused by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami. The area of erosion and deposition extends at least 1,100 m offshore from the shoreline down to water depths of 16.7 m. The tsunami-generated sedimentological signature reaches up to 1.2 m below the present seafloor, whereas bathymetric changes due to storm-related reworking over a period of 3 years following the tsunami event have been limited to the upper ~0.3 m, despite the fact that the study area is located on an open shelf facing the Pacific Ocean. Tsunami-generated erosion surfaces may thus be preserved for extended periods of time, and may even enter the rock record, because the depth of tsunami erosion can exceed the depth of storm erosion. This finding is also important for interpretation of modern submarine strata, since erosion surfaces in shallow (depths less than ~1 m) seismic records from open coast shelves have generally been interpreted as storm-generated surfaces or transgressive ravinement surfaces. 相似文献
12.
Takuya Echigo Tamao Hatta Seiko Nemoto Shigeru Takizawa 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2012,39(9):769-778
We examined the effects of crystallinity and crystal morphology on surface hydroxyl concentration of goethite using four kinds of goethite samples prepared by aging a hydrous ferric oxide (ferrihydrite) at different temperatures ranging from 4 to 70?°C. These samples were analyzed with the following methods: powder X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analyzer, atomic force microscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The first three analyses showed that the goethite aged at lower temperature has lower crystallinity, smaller particle size and lower aspect ratio. The ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that the OH-stretching band of goethite aged at 4?°C moves to slightly higher wavenumber than those of the samples aged at higher temperatures. Their XPS analyses demonstrated that variation in the concentration of surface hydroxyl group ranges from 6.6 (nm?2) for the sample aged at 4?°C to 7.7 (nm?2) for the sample aged at 70?°C. Considering the analytical depth of the XPS (~5?nm), photoelectrons are emitted from the uppermost layers of the analyte. Hence, XPS results are interpreted to reflect variations in the morphology of fine crystals (<100?nm thick). The morphology of the present goethites can be characterized by their aspect ratio, in other words, the degree of development of (110)–(110) intersection edges at which protons preferentially accumulate. This variation in the concentration of surface hydroxyl group revealed by XPS analysis offers experimental evidence for the effects of crystallinity and morphology on the surface chemical properties of goethite. 相似文献
13.
Masaki Nemoto Takeshi Sato Kenji Kosugi Shigeto Mochizuki 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,152(3):395-410
Wind-tunnel and numerical experiments were performed to investigate the effects of snowfall on the wind profile and the development of drifting snow. Wind profiles and mass-flux profiles of drifting snow were measured with and without artificial snowfall over a snow surface within the tunnel. Wind and shear-stress profiles and the impact speeds of the snowflakes during snowfall were also investigated numerically. During snowfall, snowflakes transfer part of their horizontal momentum to the air, which increases the stress close to the snow surface; however, the resultant modifications of the wind profiles are small. Because snowflakes have large momentum, the decomposed snow crystals that result from their collision with a surface can form a saltation layer, even over a hard snow surface where entrainment of the grains from the surface does not occur. Additionally, during snowfall, the threshold friction velocity can be lower than the impact threshold because snowflake fragmentation facilitates snow drifting. The broken crystals contribute to the increase in the number of drifting snow grains, even below the impact threshold. 相似文献
14.
Chaetognaths are an abundant component of the plankton and are usually the most important carnivores. Head or tail damage is often found in chaetognath specimens from the laboratory and the sea. Examination by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of specimens with such damage has revealed that bacterial invasion occurs in chaetognaths under laboratory and natural conditions. Living chaetognaths which cease feeding are found to have large numbers of attached bacteria and some parts of their body become opaque. Once they are attacked in this manner the body appears to be a mass of bacteria. Examination of field samples has shown that similar bacterial attacks occur in the sea. Bacterial growth is common inside the muscle tissue of field specimens. Up to 13.3% of two dominant species of chaetognaths in Suruga Bay are attacked by bacteria. 相似文献
15.
Abstract The central part of Abukuma metamorphic belt consists of two geologic units, the Gosaisho Group and the Takanuki Group. Although the deformation styles differ between the Gosaisho and the Takanuki Groups, their rock facies show a gradual transition. In both Groups early regional low-pressure (over 3 kb) metamorphism has been overprinted by contact metamorphism. Evidence for the P/T condition of the regional metamorphism is recorded in cores of armored minerals. Metamorphic zones have been defined on mineral rim assemblages of meta-mafite, meta-pelite and meta-calc-siliceous schist and on the degree of graphitization of meta-pelite. The mineral-core chemistry of plagioclase, Ca-amphibole and garnet changes with increasing metamorphic grade, and indicates that the regional metamorphism of the Gosaisho Group took place in a high pressure region of the andalusite stability field. The Takanuki metamorphic rocks are structurally overlain by the Gosaisho Group and have undergone regional metamorphism whose conditions have passed near the triple point of Al-silicates and kyanite has crystallized. The contact aureoles in both groups are developed around middle Cretaceous granitic intrusions. Rims of plagioclase, Ca-amphibole and garnet overgrew on the mineral-cores during the contact metamorphism. The regional metamorphism began after the sedimentation of Jurassic chert and was succeeded by the contact metamorphism in the middle Cretaceous. 相似文献
16.
The diet of at least 28 species of mesopelagic fish from the Pacific coast of Hokkaido was examined. The dominant family was the Gonostomatidae (42%) which was represented by five species. The most abundant species wasCyclothone atraria which together with the other species of this genus preyed predominantly on copepods. Euphausiids and copepods were dominant in the diet ofGonostoma gracile. The next most abundant family was the Myctophidae (32%) which was represented by seven species. The dominant species,Stenobrachius nannochir, preyed mainly on copepods. Copepods were also the dominant food item of the other myctophids except forLampanyctus jordani which fed mainly on euphausiids. The other important family was the Bathylagidae (21%).Leuroglossus schmidti was the dominant species and its diet was more diverse with ostracods, copepods, molluscs and larvaceans being the most important food items.Bathylagus ochotensis had a similar diet. Copepods were the most important food items for all but a few species and their occurrence in the fish stomachs was related to the known vertical distribution of both predators and prey. Ostracods and euphausiids were also important prey items, the latter especially in large fish species. Molluscs and larvaceans were restricted to the two species of the family Bathylagidae. 相似文献
17.
Community grazing rates of copepods were estimated from data taken during three cruises in Tokyo Bay, based on bottle incubations and a temporal variation of gut fluorescence. Special attention was paid to the feeding selectivity in the estimations. Differential grazing was observed in the copepod communities:Acartia omorii, abundant in February, selectively fed on the particles of dominant size classes, whileOithona davisae, dominant throughout the year, andCentropages abdominalis selected large particles (>20µm). The maximum filtering rates on certain size classes were several times the average. In addition, a 34-hr investigation of the gut fluorescence of copepods revealed nocturnal feeding inParacalanus spp.,Pseudodiaptomus marinus andOithona davisae.Copepod communities collected with a net (95-µm mesh opening) were estimated to graze, in February 3.0%, in August 3.1–4.5% and in November 4.2–11.9% of the standing crops of phytoplankton or suspended particles per day. 相似文献
18.
Masateru Ishiguro Ryosuke Nakamura Naru Hirata Etsuko Nemoto Yuta Higuchi Aya Yamamoto Yasuhiro Yokota Tatsuaki Hashimoto 《Icarus》2010,207(2):714-1001
The Hayabusa Spacecraft Asteroid Multi-band Imaging Camera (AMICA) has acquired more than 1400 multispectral and high-resolution images of its target asteroid, 25143 Itokawa, since late August 2005. In this paper, we summarize the design and performance of AMICA. In addition, we describe the calibration methods, assumptions, and models, based on measurements. Major calibration steps include corrections for linearity and modeling and subtraction of bias, dark current, read-out smear, and pixel-to-pixel responsivity variations. AMICA v-band data were calibrated to radiance using in-flight stellar observations. The other band data were calibrated to reflectance by comparing them to ground-based observations to avoid the uncertainty of the solar irradiation in those bands. We found that the AMICA signal was linear with respect to the input signal to an accuracy of ?1% when the signal level was <3800 DN. We verified that the absolute radiance calibration of the AMICA v-band (0.55 μm) was accurate to 4% or less, the accuracy of the disk-integrated spectra with respect to the AMICA v-band was about 1%, and the pixel-to-pixel responsivity (flat-field) variation was 3% or less. The uncertainty in background zero level was 5 DN. From wide-band observations of star clusters, we found that the AMICA optics have an effective focal length of 120.80 ± 0.03 mm, yielding a field-of-view (FOV) of 5.83° × 5.69°. The resulting geometric distortion model was accurate to within a third of a pixel. We demonstrated an image-restoration technique using the point-spread functions of stars, and confirmed that the technique functions well in all loss-less images. An artifact not corrected by this calibration is scattered light associated with bright disks in the FOV. 相似文献
19.
Phytoplankton distribution in a frontal region of Tokyo Bay was investigated in relation to hydrography in November 1985. The frontal region was observed from the central to the mouth area of the bay and consisted of a series of fine scale discontinuities of salinity and temperature. Among them the Kenzaki offshore front (KOF) and the Yokosuka inshore front (YIF) were most prominent in terms of the duration and the magnitudes of the hydrographic gaps. Three major phytoplankton assemblages were observed: (A) neritic and offshore diatoms in the mouth area of Tokyo Bay, (B) a diatomLeptocylindrus danicus and dinoflagellates in the central area, and (C) bloom forming cryptophyceans, dinoflagellates andL. danicus from the inner Tokyo Bay. The KOF was an approximate boundary of the outside assemblage (A) and the intermediate population (B), and the YIF was that of (B) and the inner bay population (C). Species changes across the fronts were rather gradual in the KOF making a strong contrast to distinct jumps in temperature, salinity,in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence and nitrate plus nitrite. An outward surface flow of the inside population along the western coast off Yokosuka was detected. 相似文献
20.
Two types of integumental compound sense organs are described in 48 of the 86 known species of euphausiids. The first occurs in the dorsal regions of the abdominal segments, especially the fourth and fifth. They consist of paired rows of short peglike setae that appear to have bifid endings and are thus probably chemoreceptors. The second type is a compound organ present in the median dorsal anterior region of the carapace. It is usually located in the apical region of a keel in front of cervical groove. Its form is different in each species and so it can be used as a diagnostic feature to identify damaged euphausiids and females where the male copulatory organ (petasma) is the principal character used to identify the species. 相似文献