High-pressure relics in meta-sediments intercalated with the Weissenstein eclogite,Münchberg gneiss complex,Bavaria     

Reiner Klemd  Siegfried Matthes  Martin Okrusch 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1991,107(3):328-342

The mineral assemblages in the eclogites and meta-sediments of the Münchberg gneiss complex suggest minimum pressures of about 15 kbar, and temperatures of 600±30° C for the eclogite-facies metamorphism. Both rock types underwent a subsequent amphibolite-facies metamorphism at almost the same temperature range. In the Weissenstein borehole the eclogites and meta-sediments show an intimate interlayering on a centimetre scale. Contacts between the two rock types are often sharp and untectonized suggesting in-situ metamorphism of the eclogites. The following features indicate that the gneisses were subjected to eclogite-facies metamorphism:

1. Phengite relics and phengite inclusions in garnet contain up to 3.45 Si per formula unit while amphibolite facies phengites have considerably lower Si-contents (3.0–3.25 p.f.u.).
2. Omphacite relics occur in the form of Na-augite (6–9 mol% jadeite)-oligoclase symplectites.
3. Garnets with up to 40 mol% of the pyrope component occur.

The geological and mineral-chemical data indicate that large volumes of crustal material have been buried to depths possibly exceeding 70 km. The preservation of primary eclogitic textures as well as symplectitic textures in the presence of a fluid phase, are indicative of a rapid decompression. This would suggest a tectonic uplift (e.g. underthrusting) as is also indicated by the virtually constant temperature range during the uplift.  相似文献   

Ein theoretisches Modell für den Jahresgang der meridionalen Ozonverteilung in der Stratosphäre     

Dr. Reiner Gebhart 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1971,20(3):247-276

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Tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Chinese Altay and Tianshan by J. Mao,R.J. Goldfarb,R. Seltmann,D. Wang,W. Xiao,C. Hart (eds)     

Reiner?KlemdEmail author 《Mineralium Deposita》2004,39(4):521-522

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Oxygen Utilization and Organic Carbon Remineralization in the Upper Water Column of the Pacific Ocean     

Richard A. Feely  Christopher L. Sabine  Reiner Schlitzer  John L. Bullister  Sabine Mecking  Dana Greeley 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(1):45-52

As a part of the JGOFS synthesis and modeling project, researchers have been working to synthesize the WOCE/JGOFS/DOE/NOAA global CO₂ survey data to better understand carbon cycling processes in the oceans. Working with international investigators we have compiled a Pacific Ocean data set with over 35,000 unique samples analyzed for at least two carbon species, oxygen, nutrients, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers, and hydrographic parameters. We use these data here to estimate in-situ oxygen utilization rates (OUR) and organic carbon remineralization rates within the upper water column of the Pacific Ocean. OURs are derived from the observed apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and the water age estimates based on CFCs in the upper water and natural radiocarbon in deep waters. The rates are generally highest just below the euphotic zone and decrease with depth to values that are much lower and nearly constant in water deeper than 1200 m. OURs ranged from about 0.02–10 μmol kg⁻¹yr⁻¹ in the upper water masses from about 100–1000 m, and averaged = 0.10 μmol kg⁻¹yr⁻¹ in deep waters below 1200 m. The OUR data can be used to directly estimate organic carbon remineralization rates using the C:O Redfield ratio given in Anderson and Sarmiento (1994). When these rates are integrated we obtain an estimate of 5.3 ± 1 Pg C yr⁻¹ for the remineralization of organic carbon in the upper water column of the Pacific Ocean. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Influence of tropical Pacific SST on seasonal precipitation in Colombia: prediction using El Niño and El Niño Modoki     

Samir Córdoba-Machado  Reiner Palomino-Lemus  Sonia Raquel Gámiz-Fortis  Yolanda Castro-Díez  María Jesús Esteban-Parra 《Climate Dynamics》2015,44(5-6):1293-1310

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Multiple sources for mineralizing fluids in the Charmitan gold(-tungsten) mineralization (Uzbekistan)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Torsten Graupner  Samuel Niedermann  Dieter Rhede  Ulf Kempe  Reimar Seltmann  C. Terry Williams  Reiner Klemd 《Mineralium Deposita》2010,45(7):667-682

Mineral assemblages present within the Charmitan gold(-tungsten) quartz-vein mineralization have been investigated for their cathodoluminescence behaviour, chemical composition and noble gas isotope systematics. This inventory of methods allows for the first time a systematic reconstruction of the paragenetic relationships of quartz, scheelite, sulphides and native gold within the gold mineralization at Charmitan and provides the basis to utilise noble gas data in the discussion of sources and evolution of ore-forming fluids. The vein quartz is classified into four generations based on microscopic and cathodoluminescence investigations. Quartz I shows intense brittle deformation as associated scheelite I. Undeformed scheelite II overgrows scheelite I and has lower light rare earth element and higher intermediate rare earth element contents as well as higher strontium concentrations. Scheelite II is associated with the economic gold mineralization and formed during re-crystallisation and re-precipitation of material which was partly re-mobilised from early scheelite I during infiltration of gold-bearing fluids. Early stage native gold inclusions are often associated with stage 2 sulphides, scheelite II and bismuth tellurides and contain Ag (3.6–24.4 wt.%), Hg (≤1.0 wt.%) and Bi (≤0.2 wt.%). Later stage electrum grains occur in association with stage 3 sulphides and sulphosalts and contain Hg (<0.8 wt.%) and elevated Sb concentrations (up to 3.0 wt.%). Noble gas isotope data (³He/⁴He: 0.2-0.4 Ra) for hydrothermal ore fluids trapped in the gold-related sulphides and sulphosalts (stage 2 pyrite and arsenopyrite; stage 3 pyrite, sphalerite, galena and lead sulphosalts) suggest that diverse fluid sources were involved in the formation of the Charmitan gold deposit. These data are indicative of a small, but significant input of fluids from external, deep-seated (mantle and possibly lower crust) sources. A decrease in the input of mantle helium and an increasing role of crustal helium from early to later stages of the mineralization is suggested by the measured ³He/⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar*/⁴He ratios. Sulphides from ore veins in meta-sedimentary rocks contain higher portions of meteoric fluids than those in intrusive rock types as indicated by their lower ³He/³⁶Ar ratios. The ³He/³⁶Ar ratios in the meta-sedimentary rocks agree well with ratios typical of gold mineralizations in the Tien Shan gold province completely hosted by meta-sedimentary sequences, indicating intense fluid-wall rock interaction.  相似文献   

Autoplot: a browser for scientific data on the web     

Jeremy B. Faden  Robert S. Weigel  Jan Merka  Reiner H. W. Friedel 《Earth Science Informatics》2010,3(1-2):41-49

Autoplot is software developed for the Virtual Observatories in Heliophysics to provide intelligent and automated plotting capabilities for many typical data products that are stored in a variety of file formats or databases. Autoplot has proven to be a flexible tool for exploring, accessing, and viewing data resources as typically found on the web, usually in the form of a directory containing data files with multiple parameters contained in each file. Data from a data source is abstracted into a common internal data model called QDataSet. Autoplot is built from individually useful components, and can be extended and reused to create specialized data handling and analysis applications and is being used in a variety of science visualization and analysis applications. Although originally developed for viewing heliophysics-related time series and spectrograms, its flexible and generic data representation model makes it potentially useful for the Earth sciences.  相似文献   

Sea Level Rise Affecting the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Water Elevation in the Flood Season and Implications for Rice Production   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Reiner Wassmann  Nguyen Xuan Hien  Chu Thai Hoanh  To Phuc Tuong 《Climatic change》2004,66(1-2):89-107

In this study, we assessed the impact of sea level rise, one of the most ascertained consequences of global climate change, for water levels in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). We used a hydraulic model to compute water levels from August to November - when flooding is presently critical- under sea level rise scenarios of 20 cm (=Δ 20) and 45 cm (=Δ 45), respectively. The outputs show that the contour lines of water levels will be shifted up to 25 km (Δ 20) and 50 km (Δ 45) towards the sea due to higher sea levels. At the onset of the flood season (August), the average increment in water levels in the Delta is 14.1 cm (Δ 20) and 32.2 cm (Δ 45), respectively. At the peak of the flood season (October), high discharge from upstream attenuates the increment in water level, but average water level rise of 11.9 cm (Δ 20) and 27.4 cm (Δ 45), respectively, still imply a substantial aggravation of flooding problems in the VMD. GIS techniques were used to delineate areas with different levels of vulnerability, i.e., area with high (2.3 mio ha =60% of the VMD), medium (0.6 mio ha = 15%) and low (1 mio ha =25%) vulnerability due to sea level rise. Rice production will be affected through excessive flooding in the tidally inundated areas and longer flooding periods in the central part of the VMD. These adverse impacts could affect all three cropping seasons, Mua (main rainfed crop), Dong Xuan (Winter-Spring) and He Thu (Summer-Autumn) in the VMD unless preventive measures are taken.  相似文献   

GOCE, Satellite Gravimetry and Antarctic Mass Transports   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Reiner Rummel  Martin Horwath  Weiyong Yi  Alberta Albertella  Wolfgang Bosch  Roger Haagmans 《Surveys in Geophysics》2011,32(4-5):643-657

In 2009 the European Space Agency satellite mission GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) was launched. Its objectives are the precise and detailed determination of the Earth’s gravity field and geoid. Its core instrument, a three axis gravitational gradiometer, measures the gravity gradient components V _xx , V _yy , V _zz and V _xz (second-order derivatives of the gravity potential V) with high precision and V _xy , V _yz with low precision, all in the instrument reference frame. The long wavelength gravity field is recovered from the orbit, measured by GPS (Global Positioning System). Characteristic elements of the mission are precise star tracking, a Sun-synchronous and very low (260 km) orbit, angular control by magnetic torquing and an extremely stiff and thermally stable instrument environment. GOCE is complementary to GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), another satellite gravity mission, launched in 2002. While GRACE is designed to measure temporal gravity variations, albeit with limited spatial resolution, GOCE is aiming at maximum spatial resolution, at the expense of accuracy at large spatial scales. Thus, GOCE will not provide temporal variations but is tailored to the recovery of the fine scales of the stationary field. GRACE is very successful in delivering time series of large-scale mass changes of the Antarctic ice sheet, among other things. Currently, emphasis of respective GRACE analyses is on regional refinement and on changes of temporal trends. One of the challenges is the separation of ice mass changes from glacial isostatic adjustment. Already from a few months of GOCE data, detailed gravity gradients can be recovered. They are presented here for the area of Antarctica. As one application, GOCE gravity gradients are an important addition to the sparse gravity data of Antarctica. They will help studies of the crustal and lithospheric field. A second area of application is ocean circulation. The geoid surface from the gravity field model GOCO01S allows us now to generate rather detailed maps of the mean dynamic ocean topography and of geostrophic flow velocities in the region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.  相似文献   

Synthesis of Fluid Inclusion Reference Materials in the H2O–NaCl–CH4 System     

Fabiano R. L. Faulstich  Reiner Neumann  Jacques Pironon  Aurelien Randi 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2013,37(4):393-402

In this study, we detail procedures to synthesise inclusions of fluids of known composition under diagenetic conditions – low temperatures (50–180 °C) and pressures (2–25 MPa) – hosted by quartz. Pre‐existing microcavities in polished quartz chips were used, decrepitated and rinsed before being healed in an autoclave. Each synthesis required around 4 weeks. A range of biphase liquid–vapour inclusions in the H₂O–CH₄–NaCl system, similar to natural ones, were synthesised in quartz, varying the content of all three components. The quartz chips were checked before and after synthesis by optical microscopy, microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy. The method was used to build a series of calibration curves relating methane‐to‐water count ratios to the methane content of aqueous fluid inclusions. Good correlation was obtained between Raman band area ratios and the expected CH₄ solubilities from equations of state. The chosen procedure's main advantages, compared with other published methods, are as follows: quicker healing of the microfractures at lower temperatures, larger inclusions, simple quartz sample preparation, control of fluid inclusion composition and the use of commercial reactors. Such reference material inclusions allow the calibration of Raman microspectrometers with the objective of PTX reconstruction of palaeofluid migration in petroleum reservoirs.  相似文献