Observations of high level of ozone at Qinghai Lake basin in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,western China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Q. Y. Wang  R. S. Gao  J. J. Cao  J. P. Schwarz  D. W. Fahey  Z. X. Shen  T. F. Hu  P. Wang  X. B. Xu  R. -J. Huang 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2015,72(1):19-26

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Use of sedimentary diatoms from multiple lakes to distinguish between past changes in trophic state and climate: evidence for climate change in northern Germany during the past 5,000 years     

Mirko Dreßler  Anja Schwarz  Thomas Hübener  Sven Adler  Burkhard W. Scharf 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,45(2):223-241

Fossil diatoms from lake sediments have been used to infer both past trophic state and climate conditions. In Europe, climate reconstructions focused on northern and alpine regions because these areas are climatically sensitive and anthropogenic impact was low. In contrast, anthropogenic impact was often high in the central European lowlands, such as northern Germany, beginning in the Neolithic Age, ~3700 BC. Since that time, trophic state change was the main factor that affected diatom assemblages in central European lowland lakes. Therefore, it was considered difficult or impossible to identify climate changes in the region using sedimented diatoms. We used diatom assemblage changes, diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentrations and the relative abundance of planktonic diatoms from sediments of three lakes that differ in their location, size, morphology, catchment area and current trophic state to test whether we could distinguish between trophic state and climate signals over the past 5,000 years in northern Germany. In this study, changes in trophic state and climate were well differentiated. In the study lakes, relative abundance of planktonic diatoms seems to be linked to the length of lake mixing phases. Planktonic diatom abundance decreased during years with shorter mixing duration, and these shorter mixing times probably reflect colder winters. The diatom-inferred periods of short mixing phases from 1000 BC to AD 500 and from AD 1300 to 1800 coincide well with two known cooling phases in Europe and the North Atlantic region.  相似文献   

Studies in the application of recurrence relations to special perturbation methods     

Hugo E. Schwarz  Ian W. Walker 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1982,27(2):191-202

The numerical integration of the differential equations describing dynamical systems has been shown in previous papers of this series to be most effectively accomplished by an explicit Taylor series method.In this paper we show that one explicit Taylor series method, developed earlier in this series and which appears to possess a high degree of versatility, yields considerable gains in efficiency over classical single-step and multi-step methods. (In this context efficiency is a measure of the time taken to carry out a calculation of a specific accuracy).For a given accuracy criterion governing the local truncation error (LTE) it is found that the Taylor series method is generallytwice as fast as the classical multi-step method and up totwenty times faster than the classical single-step method.  相似文献   

On the large-angle anomalies of the microwave sky   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Craig J. Copi  Dragan Huterer  Dominik J. Schwarz  Glenn D. Starkman 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,367(1):79-102

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Benthic species as mud patrol - modelled effects of bioturbators and biofilms on large-scale estuarine mud and morphology     

Muriel Z.M. Brückner  Christian Schwarz  Giovanni Coco  Anne Baar  Márcio Boechat Albernaz  Maarten G. Kleinhans 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(6):1128-1144

Sediment-stabilizing and -destabilizing organisms, i.e. microphytobenthos (biofilms) and macrozoobenthos (bioturbators), affect the erodibility of muddy sediments, potentially altering large-scale estuarine morphology. Using a novel eco-morphodynamic model of an idealized estuary, we investigate eco-engineering effects of microphytobenthos and two macrozoobenthic bioturbators. Local mud erodibility is based on species pattern predicted through hydrodynamics, soil mud content, competition and grazing. Mud resuspension and export is enhanced under bioturbation and prevented under biostabilization through respective exposure and protection of the supra- and intertidal. Bioturbation decreases mud thickness and bed elevations, which increases net mud fluxes. Microphytobenthos reduces erosion, leading to a local mud increase of intertidal sediments. In multi-species scenarios, an effective mud-prone bioturbator strongly alters morphology, exceeding that of a more abundant sand-prone moderate species, showing that morphological change depends on species traits as opposed to abundance. Altering their habitat, the effective mud-prone bioturbator facilitates expansion of the sand-prone moderate bioturbator. Grazing and species competition favor species distributions of dominant bioturbators. Consequently, eco-engineering affects habitat conditions while species interactions determine species dominance. Our results show that eco-engineering species determine the mud content of the estuary, which suggests large effects on the morphology of estuaries with aggravating habitat degradation.  相似文献   

Exchange orbits: an interesting case of co-orbital motion     

Barbara Funk  Rudolf Dvorak  Richard Schwarz 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2013,117(1):41-58

In this investigation we treat a special configuration of two celestial bodies in 1:1 mean motion resonance namely the so-called exchange orbits. There exist—at least—theoretically—two different types: the exchange-a orbits and the exchange-e orbits. The first one is the following: two celestial bodies are in orbit around a central body with almost the same semi-major axes on circular orbits. Because of the relatively small differences in semi-major axes they meet from time to time and exchange their semi-major axes. The inner one then moves outside the other planet and vice versa. The second configuration one is the following: two planets are moving on nearly the same orbit with respect to the semi-major axes, one on a circular orbit and the other one on an eccentric one. During their dynamical evolution they change the characteristics of the orbit, the circular one becomes an elliptic one whereas the elliptic one changes its shape to a circle. This ‘game’ repeats periodically. In this new study we extend the numerical computations for both of these exchange orbits to the three dimensional case and in another extension treat also the problem when these orbits are perturbed from a fourth body. Our results in form of graphs show quite well that for a large variety of initial conditions both configurations are stable and stay in these exchange orbits.  相似文献   

Microstructure characteristics during hydrate formation and dissociation revealed by X-ray tomographic microscopy     

Stephan A. Klapp  Frieder Enzmann  Peter Walz  Thomas Huthwelker  Jürgen Tuckermann  J.-Oliver Schwarz  Thomas Pape  Edward T. Peltzer  Rajmund Mokso  David Wangner  Federica Marone  Michael Kersten  Gerhard Bohrmann  Werner F. Kuhs  Marco Stampanoni  Peter G. Brewer 《Geo-Marine Letters》2012,32(5-6):555-562

Despite much progress over the past years in fundamental gas hydrate research, frontiers to the unknown are the early beginning and early decomposition of gas hydrates in their natural, submarine environment: gas bubbles meeting ocean water and forming hydrate, and gas starting to escape from the surface of a hydrate grain. In this paper we report on both of these topics, and present three-dimensional microstructure results obtained by synchrotron radiation X-ray cryo-tomographic microscopy (SRXCTM). Hydrates can precipitate when hydrate-forming molecules such as methane exceed solubility, and combine with water within the gas hydrate stability zone. Here we show hydrate formation on surfaces of bubbles from different gas mixtures and seawater, based on underwater robotic in situ experiments in the deep Monterey Canyon, offshore California. Hydrate begins to form from the surrounding water on the bubble surfaces, and subsequently grows inward into the bubble, evidenced by distinct edges. Over time, the bubbles become smaller while gas is being incorporated into newly formed hydrate. In contrast, current understanding has been that hydrate decomposition starts on the outer surface of hydrate aggregates and grains. It is shown that in an early stage of decomposition, newly found tube structures connect well-preserved gas hydrate patches to areas that are dissociating, demonstrating how dissociating areas in a hydrate grain are linked through hydrate that is still intact and will likely decompose at a later stage.