A robust-symmetric mean: A new way of mean calculation for environmental data   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Chaosheng Zhang  Shen Zhang 《GeoJournal》1996,40(1-2):209-212

Environmental data seldom follow normal distributions, so how to calculate their means is a very important problem. Commonly used methods for mean calculation, such as arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and median, were evaluated. Arithmetic means should only be used when datasets follow normal distributions. Geometric means are suitable for datasets which follow log-normal distributions. Medians are a kind of robust treatment. However, their efficiency is very low. Based on the methods described, two new ideas are developed: robust and symmetric, for calculating means. As far as the symmetric feature is concerned, Box-Cox power transformation is better than logarithmic transformation. Robust statistics and Box-Cox transformation are combined to produce the robust-symmetric mean. As environmental data often follow log-normal or skewed distributions, this method is better than the previous ones and also is appropriate.  相似文献   

不均匀植被分布对地表面和大气边界层影响的数值试验   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

季劲钧  苗曼倩 《大气科学》1994,18(3):293-302

研究陆地与大气间相互作用的方法之一是建立联系地表面层与大气间各种过程的数值模式进行模拟。本文是建立一个陆面过程与二维大气边界层相耦合的模式,耦合模式中包含了发生在大气边界层、植被冠层和土壤表层各种动力、热力和水文过程。运用这一模式模拟了荒漠环境中一片绿洲的不均匀地表面形成的局地气候。由于绿洲植被与周围荒漠有着显著不同的水份与能量平衡关系,使绿洲表面与边界层较四周荒漠冷而湿,并形成了相应的局地环流,即所谓“绿洲效应”。试验结果表明,模拟的气候状况与观测现象是一致的。模式可以用于陆气相互作用的研究。  相似文献   

Dynamics of the plasmasphere in the dusk sector as observed in the outer ionosphere     

J. Bošková  F. Jiříček  J. Šmilauer  P. Tříska 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1994,38(1):82-92

Summary Direct measurements of the thermal plasma parameters in the topside ionosphere reveal variations of the plasmasphere boundary in the dusk sector. The ACTIVE satellite's near-polar orbits at altitudes of 500 – 1800 km around winter solstice 1989 were used to study the bulge region of the plasmasphere during intervals with different levels of geomagnetic agitation. The narrow, sharply defined trough in electron concentration corresponding to the plasmapause under quiet conditions situated at L = 6 – 7 moved to lower L-values with increasing geomagnetic activity. This narrow trough can be found in all main ion constituents. During periods of moderate geomagnetic activity, following the onset of a weak magnetic storm, a portion of the plasmaspheric bulge region was separated from the main plasmaspheric body. This can be seen in the outer ionosphere as an inner narrow trough at lower L-value. Troughs in light ions need no longer coincide with this in electron concentration. He⁺ is the most sensitive constituent reflecting the dusk sector plasmaspheric situation at this altitude.Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Karel P  相似文献   

Densities of Huanghe River estuary and Bohai Bay waters     

陈国华  季荣  谢式南  张力军 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1994,12(2):130-135

The densities of 36 water samples from the Huanghe River estuary and Bohai Bay were determinedby a magnetic float densimcter under three temperatures from 15℃ to 25℃.All the measured densities ofsamples were greater than that of the values calculated from the International Equation of State of Seawater.The differences between the measured and calculated densities increased with the decrease of salinities.The dif-ferences appeared exponentially correlated with[Ca~(2+)]/s,[Mg~(2+)]/s and[SO_4~(2-)]/s,and had"s"type curverelationship with the alkalinity in all salinity range.But in the salinity ranging from 25.72 to 31.57,therelationships were all linear.The density difference can be estimated from the equation △ρ（10~3kg·m~(-3)）=（-2.79+236.5([Ca~(2+)]/s)/(-9.7464×10~（-3）+[Ca~(2+)]/s).It was the high alkalinity and[Ca~(2+)]/s that resulted in the measured densi-ties of seawaters being higher than the calculated densities in the Huanghe estuary and Bohai Bay.  相似文献   

Magnetic properties,self-reversal remanence and thermal alteration products of smythite     

Miroslav Krs  František Novák  Marta Krsová  Petr Pruner  Jiří Jansa 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1993,37(4):382-400

Summary This study is a follow up of the investigation of some magnetic properties and metastability of greigite in samples obtained from Miocene claystones in the Kruné hory (Erzgebirge) Piedmont basins (Bohemia). Three different methods of upgrading the smythite were applied; the magnetic properties of the concentrates are compared. The thermal conversion of smythite sets in at 200°C while greigite converts at 250°C. The first intermediate products to be formed are iron sulphides, marcasite clearly dominating over pyrite and pyrrhotite. Apart from a Fe³⁺ sulphate with a composition of Fe₂(SO₄)₃, oxidation of these sulphides gives rise to -Fe₂O₃. The result of the subsequent decomposition of the mentioned sulphate is the formation of -Fe₂O₃, which retains the sulphate structure. The final product of the thermal decomposition at 800°C is -Fe₂O₃. In the smythite concentrate the conversion to Fe³⁺ sulphate and -Fe₂O₃ is about twice as intensive as in greigite. No direct conversion to -Fe₂O₃ was found. During the thermal process self-reversals of remanence were observed, in various samples as many as four reversals in the temperature interval from 340 to 590°C. The occurrences of self-reversals of remanence were only observed at high degrees of thermal demagnetization, of the order of 10^–2 down to 10^–3 in the temperature interval of sulphide origin (below 400°C), and of the order of 10^–4 down to 10^–6 in the temperature interval of Fe-oxides origin (above 400°C).Presented at the 3rd Conference on New Trends in Geomagnetism, Castle of Smolenice, Czechoslovakia, June 22–29, 1992  相似文献   

全球不同构造环境蛇纹岩全岩和矿物微量元素组成及非传统稳定同位素(Fe- Zn- Cu同位素)特征     

杨凯  戴紧根  沈洁  张文仓  赵玲玲 《地质学报》2022,96(12):4149-4166

蛇纹岩对地球深部和浅部的元素循环以及氧化还原状态调节具有非常重要的作用。蛇纹岩中的流体活动性元素(fluid- mobile element, FME)是揭示地幔岩石水化、脱水以及元素循环的关键。本文系统收集和分析了前人报道的不同构造环境的蛇纹岩矿物化学、全岩微量元素和非传统稳定同位素(Fe、Zn、Cu)的组成特征，试图从多个角度总结蛇纹岩脱水过程的元素迁移规律及流体性质。蛇纹岩主要矿物蛇纹石微量元素含量具有以下主要特征：① 不同变质程度的蛇纹岩中的蛇纹石既包含轻稀土元素(light rare earth element, LREE)富集，又包含LREE亏损的特征；② 纤蛇纹石的REE和微量元素分布在利蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石的范围内，利蛇纹石重稀土元素(heavy rare earth element, HREE)整体上略高于叶蛇纹石且更加富集FME；③ 通过中度不相容元素与REE含量相结合，能够较好地区分橄榄石和辉石蛇纹石化所形成的蛇纹石，即辉石形成的蛇纹石富集相容元素(如Sc、Zn、Cr、Y和Ti等)并具有较高的HREE，而橄榄石形成的蛇纹石则表现为平坦且整体较低的REE分布型式。在蛇纹岩全岩微量元素和稀土元素(rare earth element, REE)含量方面，不同构造环境的蛇纹岩具有较大范围的重叠，但也有一定的差异：① 慢速扩张的印度洋中脊蛇纹岩REE和微量元素含量要整体高于快速扩张的大西洋中脊和太平洋中脊的蛇纹岩；② 马里亚纳蛇纹岩泥相比于蛇纹岩和蛇纹石化纯橄岩具有更高的REE和微量元素，而蛇纹石化纯橄岩相比于蛇纹岩则具有相对低的REE及流体不活动性元素含量。因此，利用微量元素的含量在区分不同环境的蛇纹岩方面存在一定的困难。但是，碱金属元素与U元素含量及其相应的比值，则可以较明显区分出大洋蛇纹岩和弧前蛇纹岩。目前已发表的蛇纹岩Fe、Zn、Cu同位素数据表明：① 蛇绿岩中的蛇纹岩Fe和Zn同位素的分馏与其变质程度密切相关。蛇纹岩在进变质过程中δ 56Fe值与Fe 3+/∑Fe值呈负相关，而Zn含量和δ 66Zn值则呈现正相关，表明蛇纹岩变质脱水能够释放氧化性流体；② 与橄榄岩相比，蛇纹岩具有明显低的δ 65Cu值，表明橄榄岩蛇纹石化过程中存在氧化性流体的加入。蛇纹岩Fe、Zn、Cu同位素在示踪流体性质和氧化还原状态方面有很大潜力，对壳幔系统的化学循环具有重要意义。  相似文献   

青藏高原东南缘次林错岩体晚白垩世- 早新生代快速剥蚀     

沈续文  沈晓明  刘静  曾令森  杨超群  葛玉魁  邢宇堃  曾宪阳  王子君  李云帅  李金阳 《地质学报》2022,96(10):3332-3344

青藏高原东南缘是研究构造、地貌演化和气候变化相互作用的理想场所，前人研究主要揭示了晚始新世—早中新世和晚中新世以来的快速剥蚀事件，缺乏晚白垩世—早新生代时期地貌演化过程的研究。次林错花岗岩已有的低温热年代学数据覆盖了整个新生代时期，为探索该区域新生代早期的剥露演化历史提供了重要资料。该岩体新生代早期冷却事件是岩浆冷却单一作用的结果，还是受快速剥蚀作用的影响，目前仍然存疑，需要定量研究。因此，本文结合已有的岩石地化和年代学数据，对次林错花岗岩开展了锆石饱和温度和一维岩浆冷却模拟研究。锆石饱和温度计算结果表明次林错花岗岩的岩浆结晶温度介于647~705℃之间，属低温花岗岩。一维岩浆冷却模拟结果显示岩体侵位时的最小围岩温度为160~120℃，对应深度约为3. 7~5. 0 km。结合锆石和磷灰石(U- Th)/He年代学数据，本文认为该岩体在晚白垩世—早新生代时期(67~40 Ma)经历了一期剥蚀量至少为2 km的快速剥蚀事件。已发表成果的综合分析表明，此次快速剥露事件可能是整个青藏高原地区广泛存在的构造剥蚀事件，新特提斯洋的俯冲闭合与印亚板块的初始碰撞可能是触发此次大规模区域剥蚀的主要原因  相似文献   

The effect of an optically thin region on stability of an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole     

B. F. Liu  G. Z. Xie  K. F. Ji 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1995,225(2):299-314

We analyse conditions of the innermost portion of an accretion disk and establish a set of equations for this region. A stable innermost region may exist, which can probably explain the observed UV and X-ray spectra, avoiding the unstable emission. We then discuss the detailed radial structure of a disk around a black hole for typical AGN parameters and obtain different kinds of- relationships for different regions of a disk. On the basis of this, we discuss the stability. A new type of cycle is present, which we call a double S shaped cycle. In this cycle, the extent of accretion rate variability is much larger than that in dwarf nova cycles. This probably solves the problem of violent variability of AGN. In the meantime, the very high accretion rate at the hottest state in limit cycles in the unstable region may provide continuous injection of matter to the jet and power the relativistic motion of the jet.  相似文献   

坡地农林复合系统的结构类型与效益分析─以长江三峡库区坡地农业为例   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

申元村  彭业轩 《地理研究》1995,14(3):43-51

本义认为现代术语的农林复合系统来源于生产实践,体现了农业与林业的有机结合、品种生态和经济的有机结合、产品多样化以及管理科学化4个方面相统一的特点。文章在分析三峡库区农林复合系统的类型结构基础上,提出了农林复合系统可以进行层次结构划分的观点。最后,以典型案例研究方法入手,对1种农林结构类型进行效益分析,结果表明,采用植物篱农林复合坡地系统,是现阶段生产力水平下实现坡地生态经济协调发展的有效途径,值得广泛推广。  相似文献   

黑龙江省与呼伦贝尔盟土地类型的划分及其分布规律   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵松乔  戴旭  申元村  杨柳林 《地理研究》1982,1(1):49-57

本文就土地研究的几个主要概念,即土地、土地分类、土地分级作了简要讨论,并结合黑龙江省及呼伦贝尔盟的具体条件,对为农、林、牧业服务的土地分类原则进行了初步探讨,还拟订了该区土地分级系统——土地类和土地型,及适合于大比例尺制图的土地组。在此基础上,将全区分为18个土地类、71个土地型。文章还从水平带性、垂直带性和土地结构三个方面,介绍了该区土地类型分布的一般规律。  相似文献