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81.
82.
Reconstructed light extinction coefficients using chemical compositions of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> in winter in Urban Guangzhou,China 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The objective of this study was to reconstruct light extinction coefficients (b ext ) according to chemical composition components of particulate matter up to 2.5 μm in size (PM 2.5 ). PM 2.5 samples were collected at the monitoring station of the South China of Institute of Environmental Science (SCIES, Guangzhou, China) during January 2010, and the online absorbing and scattering coefficients were obtained using an aethalometer and a nephelometer. The measured values of light absorption coefficient by particle (b ap ) and light scattering coefficient by particle (b sp ) significantly correlated (R 2 > 0.95) with values of b ap and b sp that were reconstructed using the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) formula when RH was <70%. The measured b ext had a good correlation (R 2 > 0.83) with the calculated b ext under ambient RH conditions. The result of source apportionment of b ext showed that ammonium sulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] was the largest contributor (35.0%) to b ext , followed by ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 , 22.9%), organic matter (16.1%), elemental carbon (11.8%), sea salt (4.7%), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 , 9.6%). To improve visibility in Guangzhou, the effective control of secondary particles like sulfates, nitrates, and ammonia should be given more attention in urban environmental management. 相似文献
83.
利用50a(1961-2010年)的日最低气温计算阈值,超过此阈值为极端低温事件。将内蒙古东、中、西部的极端最低气温事件进行四季划分统计.讨论分析这些地区的极端低温事件与大气环流、海洋因子的关系。分析研究表明:内蒙古极端低温事件主要发生在冬季(12月至次年2月),集中在20世纪60年代初至80年代中期,80年代中期至90年代末基本上没有发生,90年代末以后又陆续发生,但强度、范围明显减小。极端低温事件与北半球极涡、北极涛动、北太平洋涛动、南方涛动、海气相互作用、副热带高压、两风带环流存在着大体一致的年代际震荡趋势,同时与冷空气南下的路径有关,而且相关关系显著。通过相关检验,建立内蒙古极端低温事件的预测概念模型.以此应J}=fj于实际的业务当中.减少极端事件发生引发的各方面损失。 相似文献
84.
自动站与人工站地面温度差值形成的原因 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
对自动站与人工站地面温度差值形成原因进行了分析,总结了造成差值的以下5种原因,即下垫面性质状况不同、观测时间不同、响应时间(滞后性)不同、仪器安置状况的影响以及传感器或温度表自身原因,并简要介绍了检查与排除的方法。 相似文献
85.
Measurements of the broadband global solar radiation (R S) and total ultraviolet radiation (the sum of UV-A and UV-B) were conducted from 2005 to 2010 at 9 sites in arid and semi-arid regions of China. These data were used to determine the temporal variability of UV and UV/R S and their dependence on the water vapor content and clearness index. The dependence of UV/R S on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor content was also investigated. In addition, a simple and efficient empirically model suited for all-weather conditions was developed to estimate UV from R s. The annual average daily UV level in arid and semi-arid areas is 0.61 and 0.59 MJ m?2 d?1, respectively. The highest value (0.66?±?0.25 MJ m?2 d?1) was recorded at an arid area at Linze. The lowest value (0.53?±?0.22 MJ m?2 d?1) was recorded at a semi-arid area at Ansai. The highest daily value of UV radiation was measured in May, whereas the lowest value was measured in December. The monthly variation of the UV/R s ratio ranged from 0.41 in Aksu to 0.35 in Qira. The monthly mean value of UV/R s gradually increased from November and then decreased in August. A small decreasing trend of UV/R s was observed in the arid and semi-arid regions due to recently increasing amounts of fine aerosol. A simple and efficient empirically model suit for all-weather condition was developed to estimate UV from R s. The slope a and intercept b of the regression line between the estimated and measured values were close to 1 and zero, respectively. The relative error between the estimated and measured values was less than 11.5%. Application of the model to data collected from different locations in this region also resulted in reasonable estimates of UV. 相似文献
86.
Assessment of surface air warming in northeast China, with emphasis on the impacts of urbanization 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Qingxiang Li Wei Li Peng Si Gao Xiaorong Wenjie Dong Phil Jones Jiayou Huang Lijuan Cao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,99(3-4):469-478
Based on homogenized land surface air temperature (SAT) data (derived from China Homogenized Historical Temperature (CHHT) 1.0), the warming trends over Northeast China are detected in this paper, and the impacts of urban heat islands (UHIs) evaluated. Results show that this region is undergoing rapid warming: the trends of annual mean minimum temperature (MMIT), mean temperature (MT), and mean maximum temperature (MMAT) are 0.40 C decade?1, 0.32 C decade?1, and 0.23 C decade?1, respectively. Regional average temperature series built with these networks including and excluding “typical urban stations” are compared for the periods of 1954–2005. Although impacts of UHIs on the absolute annual and seasonal temperature are identified, UHI contributions to the long-term trends are less than 10% of the regional total warming during the period. The large warming trend during the period is due to a regime shift in around 1988, which accounted for about 51% of the regional warming. 相似文献
87.
大气热源30~60天振荡与华南6月旱涝的关系 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
利用1958—2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和华南测站降水资料,分析了大气热源30~60 d振荡对华南6月旱涝的影响。结果表明,在涝(旱)年对流层低层,南海至日本东南面的西北太平洋(WNP)是一个异常的低频反气旋(气旋),伴随有异常的低频热汇(热源)区,华南至日本南部存在一个异常气旋(反气旋),对应于异常的低频热源(热汇)区,华南地区低层异常辐合(辐散);平均而言,旱年华南5—6月30~60 d振荡的位相演变要比涝年的偏晚约7~11天;涝年,低频热源和气旋从南海南部北传和从西太平洋暖池区西北传,以及从140°E附近WNP的西传都十分明显,它们对华南6月降水偏多有非常重要的影响。而旱年南海及邻近区域的低频热源和气旋北传较涝年偏晚,WNP上低频热源的西伸不明显。前期南海低频热源推进的迟早以及热带WNP上的低频热源是否西传对华南6月的降水有显著影响。 相似文献
88.
89.
2008年初南方雨雪冰冻灾害天气的大气层结和地面特征的数值模拟 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
冬季的雨雪预报,尤其是冻雨的预报涉及多种尺度系统与复杂物理因素的影响。为了探讨这方面的问题,作者采用中尺度数值模式MM5对2008年初我国南方持续性雨雪、冰冻灾害天气中的1月26~29日过程做了模拟试验研究,并根据模拟结果对1月26~29日期间的水汽条件、地面特征和大气层结条件等重要环境条件进行了分析。分析指出,模拟结果能基本再现冬季这种持续性过程的降水带分布;长江或江南地区的准静止锋的存在,水汽在锋前对流层低层辐合,并沿锋面向上爬升凝结,爬升到达的高度和强水汽带的宽度与观测基本一致。模式还能再现有利于冻雨产生的层结条件,包括中层冻结层、暖层、逆温层和地面温度0℃线的位置;研究指出,利用模式输出的层结、地面条件以及降水状况可以大致得到冻雨可能发生的范围。 相似文献
90.