Distribution and activity of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in the North Sea and Baltic Sea     

Kai Bruns  Dr. Gerhard Dahlmann  Prof. Dr. Wilfried Gunkel 《Ocean Dynamics》1993,45(6):359-369

Summary Data were collected in 1988 and 1989 on the distribution and activity of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. Crude oil degrading bacteria and the number of bacteria which in particular degrade naphthalene were quantified using a modified dilution method (MPN). Crude oil degrading bacteria were present in all of about 100 water samples, with as many as 10³ ml^–1 in some samples. Numbers of naphthalene degrading bacteria were at least tenfold lower. There is obviously a greater connection between this bacteria group and petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination than between the more nonspecific group of crude oil degrading bacteria and PHC contamination. Data from the North Sea show an extremely high abundance of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, even in winter, while in the southern Baltic Sea low numbers of bacteria were found and slower crude oil degradation was observed.

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Verteilung und Aktivität von erdölkohlenwasserstoffabbauenden Bakterien in Nord- und Ostsee

Zusammenfassung 1988 und 1989 wurden Daten über Verteilung und Aktivität von erdölkohlenwasserstoffabbauenden Bakterien in Nord- und Ostsee gesammelt. Rohölabbauende Bakterien und die Zahl von Bakterien, die insbesondere Naphthalen abbauen, wurden mit einer modifizierten Lösungsmethode (MPN) bestimmt. Rohölabbauende Bakterien wurden in allen ca. 100 Wasserproben nachgewiesen; in einigen Proben mit nicht weniger als 10³/ml. Die Zahl der naphthalenabbauenden Bakterien war mindestens um den Faktor 10 kleiner. Ein stärkerer Zusammenhang zwischen dieser Bakteriengruppe und der Belastung des Meerwassers durch Erdöl-Kohlenwasserstoffe als zwischen der eher unspezifischen Gruppe der rohölabbauenden Bakterien und dieser Belastung ist wahrscheinlich. Daten aus der Nordsee zeigen, selbst im Winter, eine sehr hohe Zahl von kohlenwasserstoffabbauenden Bakterien, während in der südlichen Ostsee eine niedrigere Anzahl von Bakterien bestimmt und ein langsamerer Rohölabbau beobachtet wurde.

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A geophysical study of the northern Svalbard continental margin   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wolfram H. Geissler  Wilfried Jokat 《Geophysical Journal International》2004,158(1):50-66

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Structure and ageing of oceanic crust at 14°S on the East Pacific Rise     

Ingo Grevemeyer  Wilfried Weigel  & Claudia Jennrich† 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,135(2):573-584

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Wind profile constants in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer over complex terrain   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

William P. Kustas  Wilfried Brutsaert 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1986,34(1-2):35-54

The roughness height z ₀ and the zero-plane displacement height d ₀ were determined for a region of complex terrain in the Pre-Alps of Switzerland. This region is characterized by hills of the order of 100 m above the valley elevations, and by distances between ridges of the order of 1 km; it lies about 20 to 30 km north from the Alps. The experimental data were obtained from radiosonde observations under near neutral conditions. The analysis was based on the assumption of a logarithmic profile for the mean horizontal wind existing over one half of the boundary layer. The resulting (z ₀/h) and (d ₀/h) (where h is the mean height of the obstacles) were found to be in reasonable agreement with available relationships in terms of placement density and shape factor of the obstacles, which were obtained in previous experiments with h-scales 2 to 4 orders of magnitude smaller than the present ones.  相似文献   

Regional roughness of the landes forest and surface shear stress under neutral conditions   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Marc B. Parlange  Wilfried Brutsaert 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1989,48(1-2):69-81

Mean wind velocity profiles were measured by means of radio-windsondes over the Landes region in southwestern France, which consists primarily of pine forests with scattered villages and clearings with various crops. Analysis of neutral profiles indicated the existence of a logarithmic layer between approximately z – d ₀ = 67(±18)z ₀ and 128(+-32)z ₀ (z is the height above the ground, z ₀ the surface roughness and d ₀ the displacement height). The upper limit can also be given as z – d ₀ = 0.33 (±0.18)h, where h is the height of the bottom of the inversion. The profiles showed that the surface roughness of this terrain is around 1.2 m and the displacement height 6.0 m. Shear stresses derived from the profiles were in good agreement with those obtained just above the forest canopy at a nearby location with the eddy correlation method by a team from the Institute of Hydrology (Wallingford, England).  相似文献   

Volcanogenic Tsunamis in Lakes: Examples from Nicaragua and General Implications   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Armin Freundt  Wilfried Strauch  Steffen Kutterolf  Hans-Ulrich Schmincke 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(2-3):527-545

This paper emphasizes the fact that tsunamis can occur in continental lakes and focuses on tsunami triggering by processes related to volcanic eruptions and instability of volcanic edifices. The two large lakes of Nicaragua, Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua, host a section of the Central American Volcanic Arc including several active volcanoes. One case of a tsunami in Lake Managua triggered by an explosive volcanic eruption is documented in the geologic record. However, a number of events occurred in the past at both lakes which were probably tsunamigenic. These include massive intrusion of pyroclastic flows from Apoyo volcano as well as of flank-collapse avalanches from Mombacho volcano into Lake Nicaragua. Maar-forming phreatomagmatic eruptions, which repeatedly occurred in Lake Managua, are highly explosive phenomena able to create hugh water waves as was observed elsewhere. The shallow water depth of the Nicaraguan lakes is discussed as the major limiting factor of tsunami amplitude and propagation speed. The very low-profile shores facilitate substantial in-land flooding even of relatively small waves. Implications for conceiving a possible warning system are also discussed.  相似文献   

Flux-profile Relationships for Wind Speed and Temperature in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

Yinguo?ChengeEmail author  Wilfried?Brutsaert 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,114(3):519-538

Wind and temperature profiles in the stable boundary layer were analyzed in the context of MoninObukhov similarity. The measurements were made on a 60-m tower in Kansas during October 1999 (CASES-99). Fluxprofile relationships, obtained from these measurements in their integral forms, were established for wind speed and temperature. Use of the integral forms eliminates the uncertainty and accuracy issues resulting from gradient computations. The corresponding stability functions, which were nearly the same for momentum and virtual sensible heat, were found to exhibit different features under weakly stable conditions compared to those under strongly stable conditions. The gradient stability functions were found to be linear, namely _m = 1+ 5.8 and _h = 1 + 5.4 up to a limit of the MoninObukhov stability parameter = 0.8; this is consistent with earlier findings. However, for stronger stabilities beyond a transition range, both functions were observed gradually to approach a constant, with a value of approximately 7. To link these two distinct regimes, a general but pliable functional form with only two parameters is proposed for the stability functions, covering the entire stability range from neutral to very stable conditions.  相似文献   

The crustal structure of central East Greenland—II: From the Precambrian shield to the recent mid-oceanic ridges     

Mechita C. Schmidt-Aursch  Wilfried Jokat 《Geophysical Journal International》2005,160(2):753-760

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A concise parameterization of the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils     

Wilfried Brutsaert 《Advances in water resources》2000,23(8):447

The parameter n in the well-known expression for hydraulic conductivity K=K₀S_eⁿ (where K₀ is its value at satiation and S_e the effective saturation) is determined as a function of the exponent in the power form of the soil–water retention relationship. The result is validated with an extensive experimental database comprising some 43 soils, collected by Mualem.  相似文献   

Socioeconomic transformation in rural Romania through the eyes of experts: Demographic and social issues     

Wilfried Heller 《GeoJournal》2000,50(2-3):151-155

There is no standard model of transformation for post- socialist countries and each country encounters specific problems rooted in the geographical characteristics of the areas concerned. The human resources are of the greatest importance because it really matters how people (especially the decision-makers) perceive system change and continually reformulate their expectations and strategies; so investigations into the views of people caught up in the transformation can provide a deeper understanding of the background to structural change. Working the national, regional level and local levels in Romania, experts were asked to consider the advantages and disadvantages arising out of the transformation, the most important problems and constraints for future rural development and the policies needed. The paper examines the responses on demographic and social issues. It emerges the most detailed responses were supplied by local-level representatives while respondents at the regional level steered a middle course between the need to address local problems and the prime importance of stimulating the Romanian economy so as to generate resources for welfare programmes (with the latter issue the overriding concern of interviewees at national level). There was general agreement on the importance of foreign investment and European integration for economic development, with local actors taking only small steps in line with the existing opportunities. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献