全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3795篇 |
免费 | 100篇 |
国内免费 | 38篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 59篇 |
大气科学 | 322篇 |
地球物理 | 833篇 |
地质学 | 1356篇 |
海洋学 | 352篇 |
天文学 | 585篇 |
综合类 | 11篇 |
自然地理 | 415篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 42篇 |
2020年 | 41篇 |
2019年 | 51篇 |
2018年 | 64篇 |
2017年 | 72篇 |
2016年 | 73篇 |
2015年 | 82篇 |
2014年 | 78篇 |
2013年 | 192篇 |
2012年 | 99篇 |
2011年 | 144篇 |
2010年 | 157篇 |
2009年 | 175篇 |
2008年 | 145篇 |
2007年 | 134篇 |
2006年 | 134篇 |
2005年 | 116篇 |
2004年 | 116篇 |
2003年 | 91篇 |
2002年 | 93篇 |
2001年 | 80篇 |
2000年 | 58篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 57篇 |
1997年 | 51篇 |
1996年 | 70篇 |
1995年 | 50篇 |
1994年 | 55篇 |
1993年 | 49篇 |
1992年 | 56篇 |
1991年 | 60篇 |
1990年 | 52篇 |
1989年 | 55篇 |
1988年 | 58篇 |
1987年 | 59篇 |
1986年 | 47篇 |
1985年 | 76篇 |
1984年 | 91篇 |
1983年 | 88篇 |
1982年 | 76篇 |
1981年 | 54篇 |
1980年 | 56篇 |
1979年 | 51篇 |
1978年 | 49篇 |
1977年 | 47篇 |
1976年 | 44篇 |
1975年 | 41篇 |
1974年 | 29篇 |
1973年 | 33篇 |
1972年 | 26篇 |
排序方式: 共有3933条查询结果,搜索用时 187 毫秒
51.
William P. Cochlan Deborah A. Bronk 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2001,48(19-20)
The first estimates of uptake kinetic parameters for NH4+, NO3−, and urea in the Ross Sea, Antarctica were measured on three cruises during austral late winter–early spring 1996 (pre-bloom), late spring 1997 (bloom development), and summer 1997 (bloom decline). Nitrogen (N) uptake experiments were conducted with water collected at the 50% light penetration depth using trace-metal clean protocols and 15N tracer techniques. At all sites, ambient NO3− concentrations ranged from 5.8 to 30.5 μg-at N l−1 and silicic acid concentrations were greater than 62.0 μg-at Si l−1. The following trends were observed. First, based on maximum uptake rates (Vmax), apparent N utilization followed the order NO3−>NH4+>urea during the pre-bloom and bloom development cruises. During the summer cruise, as the bloom was declining, the apparent order of utilization was NH4+>NO3−>urea. Second, evidence for possible repression of NO3− uptake by elevated NH4+ concentrations was only observed at one site. Third, the kinetic parameters of NH4+ uptake rates corrected for isotope dilution were compared with the kinetic parameters determined from uncorrected rates. In this comparison, the measure of substrate affinity, α (α=Vmax/Ks) increased by an average of 4.6-fold when rates were corrected for isotope dilution, but values of Vmax remained unchanged. Fourth, using bacterial production data, the magnitude of bacterial N uptake was estimated. Assuming that all bacterial N demands were met with NH4+, the estimated bacterial portion of NH4+ uptake ranged from <1%, when the ratio of bacteria to autotrophic biomass was low, to 35%, when bacterial abundance and biomass were highest. Finally, dramatic changes in NH4+ uptake capacity were observed at one station (Stn. O), where kinetic parameters were measured during all three cruises. We hypothesize that a mutualistic relationship exists between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria, and that the creation of microzones of high NH4+ concentrations contributed to the changes seen at this station. 相似文献
52.
53.
The circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review 总被引:5,自引:9,他引:5
During the 1950s and 1960s, an extensive field study and interpretive effort was made by researchers, primarily at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, to sample and understand the physical oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific. That work was inspired by the valuable fisheries of the region, the recent discovery of the equatorial undercurrent, and the growing realization of the importance of the El Niño phenomenon. Here we review what was learned in that effort, and integrate those findings with work published since then as well as additional diagnoses based on modern data sets.Unlike the central Pacific, where the winds are nearly zonal and the ocean properties and circulation are nearly independent of longitude, the eastern tropical Pacific is distinguished by wind forcing that is strongly influenced by the topography of the American continent. Its circulation is characterized by short zonal scales, permanent eddies and significant off-equatorial upwelling. Notably, the Costa Rica Dome and a thermocline bowl to its northwest are due to winds blowing through gaps in the Central American cordillera, which imprint their signatures on the ocean through linear Sverdrup dynamics. Strong annual modulation of the gap winds and the meridional oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone generates a Rossby wave, superimposed on the direct forcing, that results in a southwestward-propagating annual thermocline signal accounting for major features of observed thermocline depth variations, including that of the Costa Rica Dome, the Tehuantepec bowl, and the ridge–trough system of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). Interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and altimetric sea surface height signals suggests that the strengthening of the NECC observed in the central Pacific during El Niño events continues all the way to the coast, warming SST (by zonal advection) in a wider meridional band than the equatorially trapped thermocline anomalies, and pumping equatorial water poleward along the coast.The South Equatorial Current originates as a combination of equatorial upwelling, mixing and advection from the NECC, and Peru coastal upwelling, but its sources and their variability remain unresolved. Similarly, while much of the Equatorial Undercurrent flows southeast into the Peru Undercurrent and supplies the coastal upwelling, a quantitative assessment is lacking. We are still unable to put together the eastern interconnections among the long zonal currents of the central Pacific. 相似文献
54.
55.
Early life stages of Spisula solidissima (1-, 4-, 8- and 12-h post-fertilization) were exposed to various concentrations of silver in solution (0, 4, 8, 24, 44, 124 and 278 μg liter?1) for 1 h. An additional group of 1-h post-fertilized eggs was treated with 0, 4, 11 and 24 μg liter?1 silver continuously for 48h. Results indicate that younger embryos are more susceptible to Ag. Exposure of one-hour-old embryos to silver for only 1 h gives results similar to a continuous 48-h exposure to the same concentration of Ag. The calculated EC50 for 48-h continuously exposed embryos was similar to the EC50 for 1-h post-fertilized embryos that were exposed to silver for only 1 h. 相似文献
56.
57.
58.
Watson W. Gregg Paul Ginoux Paul S. Schopf Nancy W. Casey 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2003,50(22-26):3143
The JGOFS program and NASA ocean-color satellites have provided a wealth of data that can be used to test and validate models of ocean biogeochemistry. A coupled three-dimensional general circulation, biogeochemical, and radiative model of the global oceans was validated using these in situ data sources and satellite data sets. Biogeochemical processes in the model were determined from the influences of circulation and turbulence dynamics, irradiance availability, and the interactions among four phytoplankton functional groups (diatoms, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, and coccolithophores) and four nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, silica, and dissolved iron).Annual mean log-transformed dissolved iron concentrations in the model were statistically positively correlated on basin scale with observations (P<0.05) over the eight (out of 12) major oceanographic basins where data were available. The model tended to overestimate in situ observations, except in the Antarctic where a large underestimate occurred. Inadequate scavenging and excessive remineralization and/or regeneration were possible reasons for the overestimation.Basin scale model chlorophyll seasonal distributions were positively correlated with SeaWiFS chlorophyll in each of the 12 oceanographic basins (P<0.05). The global mean difference was 3.9% (model higher than SeaWiFS).The four phytoplankton groups were initialized as homogeneous and equal distributions throughout the model domain. After 26 years of simulation, they arrived at reasonable distributions throughout the global oceans: diatoms predominated high latitudes, coastal, and equatorial upwelling areas, cyanobacteria predominated the mid-ocean gyres, and chlorophytes and coccolithophores represented transitional assemblages. Seasonal patterns exhibited a range of relative responses: from a seasonal succession in the North Atlantic with coccolithophores replacing diatoms as the dominant group in mid-summer, to successional patterns with cyanobacteria replacing diatoms in mid-summer in the central North Pacific. Diatoms were associated with regions where nutrient availability was high. Cyanobacteria predominated in quiescent regions with low nutrients.While the overall patterns of phytoplankton functional group distributions exhibited broad qualitative agreement with in situ data, quantitative comparisons were mixed. Three of the four phytoplankton groups exhibited statistically significant correspondence across basins. Diatoms did not. Some basins exhibited excellent correspondence, while most showed moderate agreement, with two functional groups in agreement with data and the other two in disagreement. The results are encouraging for a first attempt at simulating functional groups in a global coupled three-dimensional model but many issues remain. 相似文献
59.
Previous studies have shown that metal partitioned to a subcellular compartment containing trophically available metal (TAM) is readily available to predators and may be enhanced by increased binding of metal to heat-stable proteins (HSP - e.g., metallothioneins). The aim of the current investigation was to determine the influence of TAM on the trophic transfer of Cd along an experimental, three-level food chain: Artemia franciscana (brine shrimp)-->Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp)-->Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog). P. pugio were fed for 7 days on A. franciscana exposed to Cd in solution (including (109)Cd as radiotracer) and subjected to subcellular fractionation or fed to F. heteroclitus. An HSP-driven increase in the percentage of Cd associated with TAM (TAM-Cd%) in A. franciscana exposed to 1 muM Cd resulted in a bioenhancement (i.e., a greater than linear increase with respect to A. franciscana exposure) of Cd trophic transfer to P. pugio. Increased dietary Cd exposure did not affect TAM-Cd% in P. pugio nor trophic transfer to F. heteroclitus. 相似文献
60.
William A. Watkins Mary Ann Daher Joseph E. George David Rodriguez 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2004,51(12):1889-1901
A unique whale call with 50–52 Hz emphasis from a single source has been tracked over 12 years in the central and eastern North Pacific. These calls, referred to as 52-Hz calls, were monitored and analyzed from acoustic data recorded by hydrophones of the US Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and other arrays. The calls were noticed first in 1989, and have been detected and tracked since 1992. No other calls with similar characteristics have been identified in the acoustic data from any hydrophone system in the North Pacific basin. Only one series of these 52-Hz calls has been recorded at a time, with no call overlap, suggesting that a single whale produced the calls. The calls were recorded from August to February with most in December and January. The species producing these calls is unknown. The tracks of the 52-Hz whale were different each year, and varied in length from 708 to 11,062 km with travel speeds ranging from 0.7 to 3.8 km/h. Tracks included (A) meandering over short ranges, (B) predominantly west-to-east movement, and (C) mostly north-to-south travel. These tracks consistently appeared to be unrelated to the presence or movement of other whale species (blue, fin and humpback) monitored year-round with the same hydrophones. 相似文献