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511.
Roberto Santacroce Raffaello Cioni Paola Marianelli Alessandro Sbrana Roberto Sulpizio Giovanni Zanchetta Douglas J. Donahue Jean Louis Joron 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008
A review of compositional data of the major explosive eruptions of Vesuvius is presented, comparing compositions (major elements) of whole rock with glass shards from the proximal deposits, hopefully useful for long-distance correlation. A critical review of published and new geochronological data is also provided. All available 14C ages are calibrated to give calendar ages useful for the reconstruction of the volcanological evolution of the volcanic complex. The pyroclastic deposits of the four major Plinian eruptions (22,000 yr cal BP “Pomici di Base”, 8900 yr cal BP “Mercato Pumice”, 4300 yr cal BP “Avellino Pumice”, and A.D. 79 “Pompeii Pumice”) are widely dispersed and allow a four-folded, Plinian to Plinian, stratigraphic division: 1. B–M (between Pomici di Base and Mercato); 2. M–A (between Mercato and Avellino); 3. A–P (between Avellino and Pompeii); 4. P–XX (from the Pompeii Pumice to the last erupted products of the XXth century). Within each interval, the age, lithologic and compositional features of pyroclastic deposits of major eruptions, potentially useful for tephrostratigraphic purposes on distal areas, are briefly discussed. The Vesuvius rocks are mostly high Potassic products, widely variable in terms of their silica saturation. They form three groups, different for both composition and age: 1. slightly undersaturated, older than Mercato eruption; 2. mildly undersaturated, from Mercato to Pompeii eruptions; 3. highly undersaturated, younger than Pompeii eruption. For whole rock analyses, the peculiar variations in contents of some major and trace elements as well as different trends in element/element ratios, allow a clear, unequivocal, easy diagnosis of the group they belong. Glass analyses show large compositional overlap between different groups, but selected element vs. element plots are distinctive for the three groups. The comparative analysis of glass and whole rock major element compositions provides reliable geochemical criteria helping in the recognition, frequently not obvious, of distal products from the different single eruptions. 相似文献
512.
This study aims to contribute a possible explanation for magma migration within volcanoes located in contractional tectonic settings, based on field data and physically-scaled experiments. The data demonstrate the occurrence of large stratovolcanoes in areas of coeval reverse faulting, in spite of the widely accepted idea that volcanism can develop only in extensional/transcurrent tectonic settings. The experiments simulate the propagation of deformation from substrate reverse faults with different attitudes and locations into volcanoes. The substrate fault splits into two main shear zones within the volcano: A shallow-dipping one, with reverse motion, propagates towards the lower volcano flank, and a steeper-dipping one, with normal motion, propagates upwards. In plan view, the reverse fault zone is arcuate and convex outwards, whereas the normal fault zone is rectilinear. Structural field surveys at volcanoes located in contractional settings show similar features: The Plio–Quaternary Trohunco and Los Cardos–Centinela volcanic complexes (Argentina) lie above Plio–Quaternary reverse faults. The Late Pleistocene–Holocene El Reventador volcano (Ecuador) is also located in a coeval contractional tectonic belt. These volcanoes show curvilinear reverse faults along one flank and rectilinear extensional fracture zones across the crater area, consistent with the experiments. These data consistently suggest that magma migrates along the substrate reverse fault and is channelled along the normal fault zone across the volcano. 相似文献
513.
Morpho-structural setting of Stromboli volcano revealed by high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter data of its submarine portions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alessandro Bosman Francesco L. Chiocci Claudia Romagnoli 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(9):1007-1019
The first high-resolution bathymetric and backscatter maps of offshore Stromboli Island are presented, together with an interpretation
of its volcanic, structural and sedimentary features. The volcanic edifice is characterized by a sub-conical shape with a
quasi-bilateral symmetry with respect to a NE-SW axis. The dimensions of the Strombolicchio volcanic centre, to the NE of
Stromboli, have been restored by redrawing its morphology before wave action that eroded it in Late Quaternary time. On the
NE submarine flank of Strombolicchio, a N64°E structural trend controls the shape of Strombolicchio Canyon. On the southern
side of Stromboli, the submarine flank has a radial structural trend, possibly reflecting a volcanic stress regime. Landslide
scars at various scales are ubiquitous on the submarine slopes of Stromboli. Repeated large-scale lateral collapses have affected
both the northwestern and southeastern unbuttressed flanks of the volcano, producing large debris avalanche deposits. 相似文献
514.
A new, passive, vibroprotective device of the rolling‐pendulum tuned mass damper type is presented that, relying on a proper three‐dimensional guiding surface, can simultaneously control the response of the supporting structure in two mutually orthogonal horizontal directions. Unlike existing examples of ball vibration absorbers, mounted on spherical recesses and effective for axial‐symmetrical structures, the new device is bidirectionally tuneable, by virtue of the optimum shape of the rolling cavity, to both fundamental structural modes, even when the corresponding natural frequencies are different, in such a case recurring to an innovative non‐axial‐symmetrical rolling guide. Based on Appell's non‐holonomic mechanics, a non‐linear dynamic model is first derived for the bidirectional absorber mounted on a 1‐storey 3‐degrees‐of‐freedom linear structure translating under the effect of both imparted base motion and applied dynamic forces. A laboratory‐scaled prototype of the device is then tested to experimentally demonstrate the bidirectional tuning capability and to validate the mathematical model. The design procedure and the seismic performance of the absorber are finally exemplified through numerical simulation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
515.
Alessandro Fornaciai Boris Behncke Massimiliano Favalli Marco Neri Simone Tarquini Enzo Boschi 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(10):1209-1222
The 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions on Mount Etna (Italy) were characterized by intense explosive activity which led to
the formation of two large monogenetic scoria cones (one from each eruption) on the upper southern flank of the volcano. Continuous
monitoring of Etna, especially during flank eruptions, has provided detailed information on the growth of these cones. They
differ in genesis, shape, and size. A set of high resolution (1 m) digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from light detection
and ranging (LIDAR) data collected during four different surveys (2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007) has been used to map morphology
and to extract the morphometric parameters of the scoria cones. By comparing LIDAR-derived DEMs with a pre-eruption (1998)
10 m DEM, the volume of the two scoria cones was calculated for the first time. Comparison of the LIDAR-derived DEMs revealed
in unprecedented detail morphological changes during scoria cone degradation. In particular, the morphologically more exposed
and structurally weaker 2002–2003 cone was eroded rapidly during the first few years after its emplacement mainly due to gravitational
instability of slopes and wind erosion. 相似文献
516.
Massimiliano Favalli Andrew J. L. Harris Alessandro Fornaciai Maria Teresa Pareschi Francesco Mazzarini 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(1):119-127
Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow provided a good example of the distal flow segment between the flow front and stable channel,
across which the flow evolves from channel-contained to dispersed. This zone was mapped with meter precision using LIDAR data
collected during 2004 and 2005. These data, supported by field mapping, show that the flow front comprised eight lobes each
10 to 20 m high. The flow front appears to have advanced not as a single unit, but as a series of lobes moving forward one
lobe at a time. Primary lobes were centered on the channel axis and marginal lobes were off-axis. The lobes advanced as breakouts
of low-yield-strength lava from the flow core of the stalled flow front. Marginal lobes were abandoned and contributed to
marginal levees flanking the transitional channel. For Etna’s 2001 flow, the transitional channel is 140 m wide, 700 m long
and fed a 240-m-long zone of dispersed flow; the change from stable to transitional channel occurred at a major reduction
in slope. Above this, the stable channel is 5.2 km long, 55 to 105 m wide and bounded by 15- to 25-m-high levees, and the
stable channel is located over a previous channel. In a final stage of activity, lava ponding at the break-in-slope that marks
the terminus of the stable channel put pressure on the eastern levee, causing it to fail. Liberated lava then fed a final
break-out to the east. Similar flow front-features occur at other volcanoes, indicating that similar processes are characteristic
of dispersed flow zones. 相似文献
517.
Alessandro Bonaccorso Alessandro Bonforte Salvatore Gambino 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2010,72(7):791-801
Between 1987 and 1993, fumarole temperatures at the Fossa crater of Vulcano (Italy) were characterized by the highest values
since the 1920’s, increasing from about 300°C in 1987 to 690°C in May 1993, before decreasing to 400°C by 1996–1997. During
1990, Vulcano’s Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) network was expanded to provide more detailed coverage of the northern
sector of the Fossa crater and, in particular, to monitor the movement of the northern flank the Fossa cone. Measurements,
carried out between 1990 and 1994, showed shortening by about 6 to 7 cm along baselines measured to a small section of the
northern rim. Over the following four years these baselines showed a slow extension by about 3 cm, to gradually recover part
of the previous deformation. We believe that the shortening and lengthening of the EDM baselines was respectively due to the
increasing and decreasing temperature of the rock body lying close to the deforming area. This caused thermal expansion, followed
by contraction. The positive movement of the rim was not completely matched by a negative recovery, suggesting that a non-recoverable
sliding movement was also responsible for some of the shortening of the baselines. We verified our hypothesis by calculating
the expected dilatation of a rock body, as a function of the volume of rock heated and its thermal expansion coefficient,
and compared the expected deformation to that observed. The geodetic investigation showed that the unstable portion affects
a small length of the rim (about 100 m long) and involves a volume of about 0.8 × 106 m3. However, this zone lies directly above a particularly unstable portion of the flank, as well as the main village and port
on the island. 相似文献
518.
Long‐term river meandering as a part of chaotic dynamics? A contribution from mathematical modelling
In the present contribution we focus our attention on the possible signatures of a chaotic behaviour or a self‐organized criticality state triggered in river meandering dynamics by repeated occurrence of cutoff processes. The analysis is carried out examining, through some robust nonlinear methodologies inferred from time series analysis, both the spatial series of local curvatures and the time series of long‐term channel sinuosity. Temporal distribution of cutoff inter‐arrivals is also investigated. The analyzed data have been obtained by using a suitable physics‐based simulation model for river meandering able to reproduce reasonably the features of real rivers. The results are consistent and show that, at least from a modelling point of view, no evidence of chaotic determinism or self‐organized criticality is detectable in the investigated meandering dynamics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
519.
Accurate modeling of the time-dependent behavior of geomaterials is of great importance in a number of engineering structures interacting with soft, highly compressible clay layers or with organic clays and peats. In this work, a uniaxial constitutive model, based on Perzyna’s overstress theory and directly extendible to multiaxial stress conditions, is formulated and validated. The proposed constitutive approach essentially has three innovative aspects. The first concerns the implementation of two viscoplastic mechanisms within Perzyna’s theory in order to distinguish between short-term (quasi-instantaneous) and long-term plastic responses. Similarly, elastic response is simulated by combining an instantaneous and a long-term viscous deformation mechanism. The second innovative aspect concerns the use of a bespoke logarithmic law for viscous effects, which has never been used before to simulate delayed soil behavior (as far as the authors are aware). The third concerns the model’s extensive validation by simulating a number of different laboratory test results, including conventional and unconventional oedometer tests with small and large load increments/decrements and wide and narrow loading/unloading cycles, constant rates of stress and strain tests, and oedometer tests performed in a Rowe consolidation cell with measurement of pore pressure dissipation. 相似文献
520.
Irene Fantone Giovanni Grieco Agim Sinojmeri Alessandro Cavallo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(22):774
Sulfide-rich tailings are a well-known environmental threat due to their production of acid drainage (AD) and release of potential toxic elements (PTE) to the local environment. The presence of heterogeneous materials produces complex environmental signatures and complicates the quantitative prediction of contamination. The present work provides a method of quantifying such heterogeneities, starting from mineral processing data of the Reps, Mirdita (Albania) site. A quantitative flow sheet (QF) method was applied to a selected dump site of the Mirdita copper mining district where secondary pyrite separation had been used in the past. The site is subject to long-lasting (103 years) AD processes with significant release of PTE into the local environment. The tailings at the Reps site are divided into two classes based on the sulfide S content, respectively, represented by high-sulfide-content (S > 10 wt%) materials (hS) and low-sulfide-content (S < 3 wt%) material (lS). The reconstruction of the QF allowed us to identify the hS tailings as the discharge of single-flotation processing lines. This material accounts for about 82% of the total potential H2SO4 production, even though it represents < 20% of the entire tailing discard. The QF is a useful tool for the evaluation of heterogeneity and consequently for the modeling of waste management within abandoned sites and in working plants. Given a good quantification, heterogeneity can in fact support the setting of pyrite separation lines or the separate management of pyrite-rich tailing dumps. 相似文献