全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1784篇 |
免费 | 104篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 76篇 |
大气科学 | 136篇 |
地球物理 | 386篇 |
地质学 | 716篇 |
海洋学 | 134篇 |
天文学 | 288篇 |
综合类 | 8篇 |
自然地理 | 150篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 4篇 |
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 10篇 |
2021年 | 29篇 |
2020年 | 46篇 |
2019年 | 44篇 |
2018年 | 55篇 |
2017年 | 77篇 |
2016年 | 90篇 |
2015年 | 60篇 |
2014年 | 58篇 |
2013年 | 119篇 |
2012年 | 79篇 |
2011年 | 96篇 |
2010年 | 108篇 |
2009年 | 99篇 |
2008年 | 103篇 |
2007年 | 90篇 |
2006年 | 92篇 |
2005年 | 84篇 |
2004年 | 87篇 |
2003年 | 58篇 |
2002年 | 61篇 |
2001年 | 35篇 |
2000年 | 23篇 |
1999年 | 38篇 |
1998年 | 20篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 17篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 21篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 15篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有1894条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
161.
Various modifications of a displacement-sensing seismometer controlled by negative first-order low-pass, first-order high-pass and second-order high-pass feedback are analysed. Undesired side-effects of the frequency-limited feedback on the response of the closed-loop system are investigated. Rules for “optimum tuning” of systems with a flat-displacement or flat-velocity response in a desired period range are given. 相似文献
162.
The40Ar-39Ar method has been applied to high pressure (HP) white micas from the Gran Paradiso crystalline massif and from the overthrust Schistes Lustrés of its western slope. Preliminary petrographic and microanalytical investigation of the phengite micas showed that their celadonite-content decreases with time (from Si3.65 to Si3.05), and that less foliated samples are the most suitable for the metastable persistence of the high celadonite-content of the early HP stage during subsequent metamorphic evolution.Such samples were investigated together with one where mica is a pure retrogressive product. Two groups of plateau-ages have been found: (a) 60 to 75 Ma on HP phengites and early paragonites of unretrograded HP parageneses, thus dating the early HP metamorphic stage; (b) 38–40 Ma on HP phengites (most often in slightly retrograded HP parageneses) and on the purely retrogressive mica. For the HP phengites in (b), this age is considered to reflect the end of Ar readjustement during the later lowerP and/or higherT metamorphic stage, and not their crystallization.This disparity in plateau-ages for micas sampled within the same area shows that under the sameP-T conditions some systems were open while others remained closed. This can be closely related to the mineralogical behaviour: chemically active systems are isotopically active, whereby the reverse is not necessarily true. Thus, although temperature exceeded by far the usually assumed sealing-temperature of white micas, many systems have remained unaffected during the late Eocene event. Therefore, temperature cannot be the determining parameter for the opening of a system. Chemical reactivity, starting mineralogy and, primarily, pervasive deformation and the related fluid behaviour appear to be the effective controls.This implies that thermally activated diffusion processes (volume diffusion...) cannot be geologically significant. Consequently, the blocking temperature concept which rests on the opposite assumption now appears questionable. The fact that a mica does not necessarily behave as open above its blocking temperature necessitates at least a clear distinction between opening- and sealing-temperatures. 相似文献
163.
Stuart G. Wakeham Christian Schaffner Walter Giger 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(3):403-413
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediment cores from Lake Lucerne, Lake Zürich, and Greifensee, Switzerland, and Lake Washington, northwest U.S.A., have been isolated, identified and quantified by glass capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Surface sediment layers are greatly enriched in PAH—up to 40 times—compared to deeper layers. In addition, concentration increases in upper sediments generally correspond to increasing industrialization and urbanization in the catchment basins of the lakes. Few PAH could be detected in pre-industrial revolution sediments, indicating that background levels for most PAH in aquatic sediments are extremely low.These results are consistent with an anthropogenic source for most of the aromatic hydrocarbons present in the modern sediments. A comparison of PAH distributions in the sediments and in possible source materials shows that urban runoff of street dust may be the most important PAH input to these lacustrine sediments. There is evidence that a significant contribution to the PAH content of street dust comes from material associated with asphalt. 相似文献
164.
165.
Stefan Bernstein Peter B Kelemen Christian Tegner Mark D Kurz Jurek Blusztajn C.Kent Brooks 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1998,160(3-4):845-862
Mafic and ultramafic intrusions in East Greenland adjacent to the offshore Greenland–Iceland ridge were emplaced 5–9 My after continental breakup at 55 Ma [1]. Rare earth element (REE) concentrations determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry are reported for cumulus clinopyroxene from these intrusions, and the data are used to estimate REE abundance in equilibrium melts using available partitioning data. Estimated equilibrium melts from intrusions have strongly fractionated REE patterns with Nd/Dy(N) in the range 2 to 5.6 and Yb/Dy(N) 0.55 to 0.92, similar to values for coeval basalts. These melts have markedly higher Nd/Dy(N) than earlier breakup related flood basalts. The moderately low Yb/Dy(N) for the post-breakup volcanism is indicative of residual garnet in the source, while their high Nd/Dy(N) ratios can best be explained by aggregating low degree melts from a light-REE-enriched garnet- and spinel-bearing mantle source. We also report He, Sr, and Nd isotopic data for the intrusions. The highest 3He/4He ratios (>10 R/Ra) are found in the samples whose REE data reflect the largest proportion of melts from a garnet-bearing source, and having Sr and Nd isotopic compositions identical with the radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd isotope end of the Iceland compositional field. There is no indication of a MORB-type mantle in the source of the intrusions. We postulate that post-breakup volcanism along the East Greenland coastline reflects the increasing proximity of the mantle plume to the East Greenland continental margin. The low degree of melting at high mean pressure inferred for the parental melts for the intrusions may reflect re-thickening of the lithosphere, which in turn was caused by the vigorous volcanism during breakup, with accompanying depletion of upper mantle and underplating of the crust at the continental margin. 相似文献
166.
Dr. Christian Sonntag Prof. Dr. Eberhard Klitzsch Prof. Dr. E. M. El Shazly Christel Kalinke Prof. Dr. Karl Otto Münnich 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1978,67(2):413-423
Zusammenfassung In den14C-Altern der Saharawässer spiegelt sich die wechselnde Abfolge von Feucht- und Trockenphasen während des späten Pleistozäns und Holozäns wider. Außerdem zeigt sich ein West-Ost-Gefälle in ihrem D- und18O-Gehalt, das als Kontinentaleffekt im Grundwasser gedeutet wird. Dieser Kontinentaleffekt setzt voraus, daß das nordafrikanische Klimageschehen vergangener Feuchtphasen von der Westdrift bestimmt wurde, die regenbringende atlantische Luftmassen weit ins Saharainnere getrieben hat. Ein einfaches mathematisches Modell, das den Kontinentaleffekt durch eine Rayleigh-Kondensation beschreibt, ergibt die beste Anpassung an die Meßwerte, wenn für die Sahara (ähnlich wie heute in Europa) ein West-Ost-Gefälle in den Paläo-Winterniederschlagsmengen von –30% pro 1000 km angenommen wird. Unter der Annahme ehemaliger Winterniederschläge (Sept.-März) von 600 mm (entspricht Lissabon heute) für das Gebiet an der nordafrikanischen Atlantikküste ergibt diese Modellrechnung z. B. 250 mm für die Paläo-Winterniederschläge im Gebiet des Murzuk-Beckens.
The14C-age distribution of Saharian groundwaters shows the alternating sequence of humid and arid periods in the late Pleistocene and Holocene. The observed west-east decrease of the D- and18O-content of the Sahara waters is interpreted to be the Continental Effect in rain and groundwater. The paleoclimatic situation during ground-water formation therefore was controlled by the western drift carrying wet Atlantic air masses across the Sahara. The best fit of a simple Rayleigh condensation model of the continental effect to the experimental data is obtained with a west-east decrease of the Saharian paleo-winter precipitation of –30% per 1000 km (similar to the one in Europe today). With an annual winter precipitation rate (Sept.-March) of 600 mm (corresponding to the one of Lisboa today) for the Northafrican coastal area at the Atlantic Ocean a previous winter precipitation rate of 250 mm is obtained for the Murzuq Basin.
Résumé Une succession de périodes humides et arides à la fin du Pléistocène et à l'Holocène se réflète dans la distribution des âges14C d'eaux souterraines du Sahara. Les teneurs en D et18O diminuent d'Ouest en Est, ce qui est interprété comme un effet continental dans l'eau souterraine. Celui-ci signifie que la climatologie des phases pluviales passées, dans l'Afrique du Nord, était déterminée par des vents d'Ouest qui apportaient des masses d'air atlantique humide à l'intérieur du Sahara. Un modèle mathématique simple décrivant l'effet continental par une condensation du type Rayleigh, reproduit avec la meilleure conformité les valeurs expérimentales, pour autant qu'on admette que les pluies hivernales au Sahara diminuaient anciennement d'Ouest en Est de 30% par 1000 km (comme à présent en Europe). En supposant qu'autrefois la quantité de pluie hivernale, de septembre à mars à la côte atlantique de l'Afrique du Nord était de 600 mm (comme aujourd'hui à Lisbonne), on obtient à l'aide de ce modèle une précipitation hivernale ancienne de 250 mm dans le bassin du Mourzouk.
, 14C, . , 18O, , . , , , , . , Rayleigh, — , — — 30 % 1000 . , - , . . , 600 , — —, 250 .相似文献
167.
Christian Kronborg Henry Bender Regnar Bjerre Rud Friborg Hans O. Jacobsen Lars Kristiansen Poul Rasmussen Poul R. Sørensen Gunnar Larsen 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1990,19(3):273-287
Glaciostratigraphic investigations at one key locality (Haldum), 9 major and about 160 minor localities in East and Central Jutland, Denmark, together with laboratory work, have led to the establishment of a stratigraphy consisting of 10 till units, usually separated by meltwater deposits. The stratigraphy is in some degree supported by thermoluminescence datings. The complete sequence includes one till unit with associated meltwater deposits of Menapian age, three till units with intercalated meltwater deposits of Elsterian age, marine sediments deposited during the Holsteininan, and three till units with intercalated of Elsterian age, marine sediments deposited during the Holsteinian, and three till units with intercalated glaciofluvial sedimants of Saalian age. Eemian deposits are present above this level, and the whole sequence is capped by till and meltwater deposits related to three glacial advances during the Weichselian. 相似文献
168.
Axel D. Schwope Valeri Hambaryan Frank Haberl Christian Motch 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,308(1-4):619-623
We present a first analysis of a deep X-ray spectrum of the isolated neutron star RBS1223 obtained with XMM-Newton. Spectral
data from four new monitoring observations in 2005/2006 were combined with archival observations obtained in 2003 and 2004
to form a spin-phase averaged spectrum containing 290 000 EPIC-pn photons. This spectrum shows higher complexity than its
predecessors, and can be parameterised with two Gaussian absorption lines superimposed on a blackbody. The line centers, E
2≃2E
1, could be regarded as supporting the cyclotron interpretation of the absorption features in a field B∼4×1013 G. The flux ratio of those lines does not support this interpretation. Hence, either feature might be of truly atomic origin.
相似文献
169.
Modelling observed and future runoff from a glacierized tropical catchment (Cordillera Blanca, Perú) 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Monthly runoff from the 34.3% glacierized tropical catchment of Llanganuco in the tropical Cordillera Blanca, Perú, is successfully simulated and compared with a measured 44 year time series. In the investigation area, the climate is characterized by all-year round homogenous temperature conditions and a strong variability in air humidity and moisture content of the atmosphere. Thus, contrary to the mid latitudes, the seasonal variation in glacier melt strongly depends on moisture-related variables, rather than on air temperature. The here presented ITGG-2.0-R model aims for these requirements. The lack of moisture-related input data other than precipitation demands for an intermediate calibration step. Net shortwave radiation, the emissivity of the atmosphere and a sublimation/melt ratio are related to precipitation amounts. Runoff is well simulated and correlates with the measured record with r2 = 0.76. Seasonally obtained r2 are only slightly smaller. On a long-term, the cumulative deviation is minor, and the mean annual cycle of runoff is reproduced rather well (r2 = 0.99). Based on four different IPCC climate change scenarios, future runoff is simulated. All runoff scenarios are modelled for the respective steady-state glacier extent. This leads to a reduction in the glacier size and a decreased amount of glacier melt. On the other hand, direct runoff increases due to larger glacier free areas. Consequently, mean annual runoff remains almost unchanged, but the seasonality intensifies considerably with more runoff during the wet and less runoff during the dry season. 相似文献
170.
WASP-1b and WASP-2b: two new transiting exoplanets detected with SuperWASP and SOPHIE 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. Collier Cameron F. Bouchy G. Hébrard P. Maxted D. Pollacco F. Pont I. Skillen B. Smalley R. A. Street R. G. West D. M. Wilson S. Aigrain D. J. Christian W. I. Clarkson B. Enoch A. Evans A. Fitzsimmons M. Fleenor M. Gillon C. A. Haswell L. Hebb C. Hellier S. T. Hodgkin K. Horne J. Irwin S. R. Kane F. P. Keenan B. Loeillet T. A. Lister M. Mayor C. Moutou A. J. Norton J. Osborne N. Parley D. Queloz R. Ryans A. H. M. J. Triaud S. Udry P. J. Wheatley 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,375(3):951-957
We have detected low-amplitude radial-velocity variations in two stars, USNO-B1.0 1219–0005465 (GSC 02265–00107 = WASP–1 ) and USNO-B1.0 0964–0543604 (GSC 00522–01199 = WASP–2 ). Both stars were identified as being likely host stars of transiting exoplanets in the 2004 SuperWASP wide-field transit survey. Using the newly commissioned radial-velocity spectrograph SOPHIE at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, we found that both objects exhibit reflex orbital radial-velocity variations with amplitudes characteristic of planetary-mass companions and in-phase with the photometric orbits. Line-bisector studies rule out faint blended binaries as the cause of either the radial-velocity variations or the transits. We perform preliminary spectral analyses of the host stars, which together with their radial-velocity variations and fits to the transit light curves yield estimates of the planetary masses and radii. WASP-1b and WASP-2b have orbital periods of 2.52 and 2.15 d, respectively. Given mass estimates for their F7V and K1V primaries, we derive planet masses 0.80–0.98 and 0.81–0.95 times that of Jupiter, respectively. WASP-1b appears to have an inflated radius of at least 1.33 R Jup , whereas WASP-2b has a radius in the range 0.65–1.26 R Jup . 相似文献