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We have used recent X-ray and optical data in order to impose some constraints on the cosmology and cluster scaling relations.
Generically, two kinds of hypotheses define our model. First, we consider that the cluster population is well described by the standard Press–Schechter (PS) formalism, and secondly, these clusters are assumed to follow scaling relations with mass: temperature–mass ( T – M ) and X-ray luminosity–mass ( L x– M ) .
In contrast with many other authors we do not assume specific scaling relations to model cluster properties such as the usual T – M virial relation or an observational relation or an observational determination of the L x– T relation. Instead we consider general unconstrained parameter scaling relations.
With the previous model (PS plus scalings) we fit our free parameters to several X-ray and optical data sets with the advantage over preceding works that we consider all the data sets at the same time. This prevents us from being inconsistent with some of the available observations. Among other interesting conclusions, we find that only low-density universes are compatible with all the data considered and that the degeneracy between Ωm and σ 8 is broken. Also we obtain interesting limits on the parameters characterizing the scaling relations.  相似文献   
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We analyse star formation rates (SFRs) derived from photometric and spectroscopic data of galaxies in pairs in different environments using the 2-degree field galaxy redshift survey (2dFGRS) and the Sloan digital sky survey (SDSS). The two samples comprise several thousand pairs, suitable to explore into detail the dependence of star formation activity in pairs on orbital parameters and global environment. We use the projected galaxy density derived from the fifth brightest neighbour of each galaxy, with a convenient luminosity threshold to characterize environment in both surveys in a consistent way. Star formation activity is derived through the η parameter in 2dFGRS and through the SFR normalized to the total mass in stars,  SFR/ M *  , given by Brinchmann et al. in the SDSS-second data release (SDSS-DR2). For both galaxy pair catalogs, the star formation birth rate parameter is a strong function of the global environment and orbital parameters. Our analysis on SDSS pairs confirms previous results found with the 2dFGRS where suitable thresholds for the star formation activity induced by interactions are estimated at a projected distance   r p= 100  h −1 kpc  and a relative velocity  Δ V = 350 km s−1  . We observe that galaxy interactions are more effective at triggering important star formation activity in low- and moderate-density environments with respect to the control sample of galaxies without a close companion. Although close pairs have a larger fraction of actively star-forming galaxies, they also exhibit a greater fraction of red galaxies with respect to those systems without a close companion, an effect that may indicate that dust stirred up during encounters could affect colours and, partially, obscure tidally induced star formation.  相似文献   
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The sediments produced by water erosion are the main source of pollution of agricultural origin of surface water bodies. These sediments may be associated to bacteria, compromising the quality of nearby water bodies. Therefore, to understand this biological contamination, it is necessary to find out the adsorption capacity and bacterial affmity to aggregate sizes that may result in a differential sedimentation. To this end, in the present work, the distribution, adsorption capacity and affinity to different aggregate sizes of two strains of Escherichia coli in two liquid media of contrasting ionic strength were evaluated in a silty clay soil. The 〈2 μm fraction showed a higher proportion of bacteria than the other aggregate sizes (48%), whereas among the fractions 〉2 μm, the 20-50μm fraction was the one that showed the highest bacterial adsorption in both liquid media (37.9%). On the other hand, the highest values of bacterial affinity were found in the 20 to 50 lain fraction (coarse silt) in the low ionic strength media and 20--50 and 〉50 μm in the high ionic strength media. However, the bacterial strains used revealed only some trends in the modification of these variables. This work contributes to the development and implementation of strategies to mitigate pollution, such as control of sediment generation and its subsequent capture in filter strips.  相似文献   
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The near-surface rock structure that covers an abandoned marl mine nearby the village of Montevecchia (Italy) was investigated through a combination of seismic surveys. The methods selected for these investigations were refraction seismics and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). A sort of transillumination experiment was also attempted. All the methods were successful and gave complementary information. Refraction seismics was used to characterize the upper low velocity layer and the second layer of the near-surface structure. The MASW method was necessary to assess the existence of a velocity inversion revealing the presence of a low velocity layer between the 2nd layer and a 4th high velocity layer covering the upper mine gallery. The transillumination experiment validated the presence of the 4th layer and gave an estimate of the average velocity that represents a lower boundary for the P-wave velocity within this layer. Both the refraction and transillumination data were analysed to derive average estimates of attenuation level and rock quality factor.  相似文献   
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