Monitoring and reconstructing past biogeomorphic succession within fluvial corridors using stereophotogrammetry          下载免费PDF全文

Franck Vautier  Dov Corenblit  Borbála Hortobágyi  Laure Fafournoux  Johannes Steiger 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(10):1448-1463

Past fluvial biogeomorphic succession dynamics, i.e. reciprocal interactions and adjustments between vegetation growth and fluvial landform construction, were monitored and reconstructed using stereophotogrammetry. The four‐dimensional spatio‐temporal stereophotogrammetric analyses were based on the use of archival analogue and digital aerial photographs. First, we tested the relevance of the technique to produce floodplain digital terrain models (DTMs) and cover height models (CHMs) of the dynamic River Allier, France, and compared the models derived from photogrammetric procedures to field measurements for CHMs and to LiDAR data for DTMs. Automatic photogrammetric procedures tended to create inaccurate digital models with production of outliers, incomplete sectors and areas of confusion especially for analogue stereo‐pairs. Expert correction using stereoscopic viewing improved the vertical accuracy of the digital models, but the vegetation height tended to be underestimated: approximately 0.50 m for vegetation heights less than 10 m, up to 1.50 m for tree heights higher than 25 m. Second, we applied this method to a wooded point bar located on the channelized River Garonne, France. At the scale of the point bar, accurate biogeomorphic maps that show terrain and vegetation height changes in all three spatial dimensions were produced and accurate vegetation growth curves from the early stages of establishment until maturity were extracted. Assuming that a set of conditions is satisfied (e.g. spatial scale of investigation, quality of the photographs), our results show that the photogrammetric method applied in this research can be used operationally to detect and quantify present fluvial biogeomorphic dynamics (i.e. changes of topography and vegetation canopy height) within fluvial corridors of temperate rivers with satisfactory accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Populus nigra L. establishment and fluvial landform construction: biogeomorphic dynamics within a channelized river          下载免费PDF全文

Dov Corenblit  Johannes Steiger  Gaspard Charrier  José Darrozes  Virginia Garófano‐Gómez  Alexandre Garreau  Eduardo González  Angela M. Gurnell  Borbála Hortobágyi  Frédéric Julien  Luc Lambs  Sébastien Larrue  Thierry Otto  Erwan Roussel  Franck Vautier  Olivier Voldoire 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(9):1276-1292

Populations of the riparian pioneer species Populus nigra L. which establish on alluvial bars within river channels modulate sediment dynamics and fluvial landforms. Dense cohorts of P. nigra have colonized gravel point bars along the channelized River Garonne, France, during the last 20 years and have enhanced the vertical, lateral and longitudinal development of the bars. For this period, the geomorphic characteristics of two wooded point bars on this laterally stable river are closely linked to the spatial distribution and intensity of establishment and resistance of different cohorts of P. nigra. Furthermore, P. nigra colonization dynamics were controlled by engineer effects of this same species. This relationship is illustrated by a significant correlation between key geomorphic and biological variables measured in situ and characterized with a set of four aerial photographs taken between 2000 and 2010. The development of wooded point bars, which are discrete biogeomorphic units, over the studied period, appear to result from a specific biogeomorphic positive feedback of matter aggregation and vegetation establishment related to sediment trapping and stabilization by pioneer engineer plants. We propose a conceptual model of biogeomorphic unit construction for channelized, lateral stable rivers. We consider the resultant biogeomorphic units as functional from an ecological point of view because P. nigra enhances at the cohort scale (i) its own inherent capacity to resist hydrogeomorphic disturbances, and (ii) its resilience capacity as a result of successful colonization, especially downstream of mature poplar stands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hydrogeochemical and multi-tracer investigations of arsenic-affected aquifers in semi-arid West Africa     

Anja Bretzler  Lucien Stolze  Julien Nikiema  Franck Lalanne  Elaheh Ghadiri  Matthias S.Brennwald  Massimo Rolle  Mario Schirmer 《地学前缘(英文版)》2019,10(5):1685-1699

The semi-arid Sahel regions of West Africa rely heavily on groundwater from shallow to moderately deep(100 m b.g.l.)crystalline bedrock aquifers for drinking water production.Groundwater quality may be affected by high geogenic arsenic(As)concentrations(10μg/L)stemming from the oxidation of sulphide minerals(pyrite,arsenopyrite)in mineralised zones.These aquifers are still little investigated,especially concerning groundwater residence times and the influence of the annual monsoon season on groundwater chemistry.To gain insights on the temporal aspects of As contamination,we have used isotope tracers(noble gases,~3H,stable water isotopes(~2 H,~(18)O))and performed hydrochemical analyses on groundwater abstracted from tube wells and dug wells in a small study area in southwestern Burkina Faso.Results revealed a great variability in groundwater properties(e.g.redox conditions,As concentrations,water level,residence time)over spatial scales of only a few hundred metres,characteristic of the highly heterogeneous fractured underground.Elevated As levels are found in oxic groundwater of circum-neutral pH and show little relation with any of the measured parameters.Arsenic concentrations are relatively stable over the course of the year,with little effect seen by the monsoon.Groundwater residence time does not seem to have an influence on As concentrations,as elevated As can be found both in groundwater with short(50 a)and long(10~3 a)residence times as indicated by ~3He/~4He ratios spanning three orders of magnitude.These results support the hypothesis that the proximity to mineralised zones is the most crucial factor controlling As concentrations in the observed redox/pH conditions.The existence of very old water portions with residence times10~3 years already at depths of50 m b.g.l.is a new finding for the shallow fractured bedrock aquifers of Burkina Faso,suggesting that overexploitation of these relatively low-yielding aquifers may be an issue in the future.  相似文献   

Iron isotope fractionation between pyrite (FeS₂), hematite (Fe₂O₃) and siderite (FeCO₃): A first-principles density functional theory study     

Marc Blanchard  Franck Poitrasson  Michele Lazzeri  Etienne Balan 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(21):6565-776

In addition to equilibrium isotopic fractionation factors experimentally derived, theoretical predictions are needed for interpreting isotopic compositions measured on natural samples because they allow exploring more easily a broader range of temperature and composition. For iron isotopes, only aqueous species were studied by first-principles methods and the combination of these data with those obtained by different methods for minerals leads to discrepancies between theoretical and experimental isotopic fractionation factors. In this paper, equilibrium iron isotope fractionation factors for the common minerals pyrite, hematite, and siderite were determined as a function of temperature, using first-principles methods based on the density functional theory (DFT). In these minerals belonging to the sulfide, oxide and carbonate class, iron is present under two different oxidation states and is involved in contrasted types of interatomic bonds. Equilibrium fractionation factors calculated between hematite and siderite compare well with the one estimated from experimental data (ln α⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁴Fe = 4.59 ± 0.30‰ and 5.46 ± 0.63‰ at 20 °C for theoretical and experimental data, respectively) while those for Fe(III)_aq-hematite and Fe(II)_aq-siderite are significantly higher that experimental values. This suggests that the absolute values of the reduced partition functions (β-factors) of aqueous species are not accurate enough to be combined with those calculated for minerals. When compared to previous predictions derived from Mössbauer or INRXS data [Polyakov V. B., Clayton R. N., Horita J. and Mineev S. D. (2007) Equilibrium iron isotope fractionation factors of minerals: reevaluation from the data of nuclear inelastic resonant X-ray scattering and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta71, 3833-3846], our iron β-factors are in good agreement for siderite and hematite while a discrepancy is observed for pyrite. However, the detailed investigation of the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of pyrite as well as the study of sulfur isotope fractionation between pyrite and two other sulfides (sphalerite and galena) indicate that DFT-derived β-factors of pyrite are as accurate as for hematite and siderite. We thus suggest that experimental vibrational density of states of pyrite should be re-examined.  相似文献   

The effect of geometrical parameters on the discharge capacity of meandering compound channels     

M. De Marchis  E. Napoli   《Advances in water resources》2008,31(12):1662-1673

A number of methods and formulae has been proposed in the literature to estimate the discharge capacity of compound channels. When the main channel has a meandering pattern, a reduction in the conveyance capacity for a given stage is observed, which is due to the energy dissipations caused by the development of strong secondary currents and to the decrease of the main channel bed slope with respect to the valley bed slope. The discharges in meandering compound channels are usually assessed applying, with some adjustments, the same methods used in the straight compound channels. Specifically, the sinuosity of the main channel is frequently introduced to account for its meandering pattern, although some methods use different geometric parameters.In this paper the stage—discharge curves for several compound channels having identical cross-sectional area, roughness and bed slope but different planimetric patterns are numerically calculated and compared, in order to identify which geometric parameter should be efficaciously used in empirical formulae to account for meandering patterns. The simulations are carried out using a 3D finite-volume model that solves the RANS equations using a k-ε turbulence model. The numerical code is validated against experimental data collected in both straight and meandering compound channels.The numerical results show that the sinuosity is the main parameter to be accounted for in empirical formulae to assess the conveyance capacity of meandering compound channels. Comparison of the stage—discharge curves in the meandering compound channels with that obtained in a straight channel having identical cross-sectional area clearly shows the reduction of discharge due to the presence of bends in the main channel. The effect of other geometric parameters, such as the meander-belt width and the mean curvature radius, results very weak.  相似文献   

Triplicity and physical characteristics of Asteroid (216) Kleopatra   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

P. Descamps  F. Marchis  J. Berthier  G. Duchêne  I. de Pater  L. Lim  F. Vachier  J.-P. Teng-Chuen-Yu  J. Pollock  R. Vieira-Martins  J.I.B. Camargo  F. Braga-Ribas  B. Macomber 《Icarus》2011,211(2):1022-1033

To take full advantage of the September 2008 opposition passage of the M-type Asteroid (216) Kleopatra, we have used near-infrared adaptive optics (AO) imaging with the W.M. Keck II telescope to capture unprecedented high resolution images of this unusual asteroid. Our AO observations with the W.M. Keck II telescope, combined with Spitzer/IRS spectroscopic observations and past stellar occultations, confirm the value of its IRAS radiometric radius of 67.5 km as well as its dog-bone shape suggested by earlier radar observations. Our Keck AO observations revealed the presence of two small satellites in orbit about Kleopatra (see Marchis, F. et al. [2008a]. (3749) Balam. In: Green, D.W.E. (Ed.), IAU Circ. 8928; Marchis, F., Descamps, P., Berthier, J., Emery, J.P. [2008b]. S/2008 ((216)) 1 and S/2008 ((216)) 2. In: Green, D.W.E. (Ed.), IAU Circ. 8980). Accurate measurements of the satellite orbits over a full month enabled us to determine the total mass of the system to be 4.64 ± 0.02 × 10¹⁸ kg. This translates into a bulk density of 3.6 ± 0.4 g/cm³, which implies a macroscopic porosity for Kleopatra of ∼30-50%, typical of a rubble-pile asteroid. From these physical characteristics we measured its specific angular momentum, very close to that of a spinning equilibrium dumbbell.  相似文献   

Morphological controls on the dynamics of carbonate landscapes under a mediterranean climate          下载免费PDF全文

Franck Thomas  Vincent Godard  Olivier Bellier  Esmaeil Shabanian  Vincent Ollivier  Lucilla Benedetti  Magali Rizza  Nicolas Espurt  Valéry Guillou  Fabrice Hollender  Stéphane Molliex  ASTER Team 《地学学报》2017,29(3):173-182

The influence of the morphological setting on the denudation of carbonate landscapes and the respective contributions of mechanical and chemical weathering processes are still debated. We have addressed these questions by measuring ³⁶Cl concentrations in 40 samples from the Luberon mountain, SE France, to constrain the denudation of various landscape elements. We observe a clear contrast between the local denudation rates from the flat summit surface, clustered around 30 mm/ka, and the basin‐average denudation rates across the flanks, ranging from 100 to 200 mm/ka. This difference highlights the transient evolution of the range, whose topography is still adjusting to previous uplift events. Such a pattern also suggests that carbonate dissolution is not the only driver of denudation in this setting, which appears to be significantly controlled by slope‐dependent processes.  相似文献   

Mars and its magnetic field— Some new aspects     

I. Orgzall  S. Franck 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1988,43(3):201-210

This paper is the continuation of an earlier one on planetary evolution of Earth and Mars (Franck and Orgzall, 1987). Here models for the history of the Martian magnetic field are presented. It is concluded, that Mars once had a substantial magnetic field that was switched off approximately 1 billion years ago on the one hand due to missing gravitational energy supply— the core reached its eutectic composition earlier— and on the other hand due to dynamic inhibitions.  相似文献   

A new view of martian evolution     

Siegfried Franck  Ingo Orgzall 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1987,37(3):287-313

Conventional evolutionary models for Mars adopt a dry mantle solidus. Taking into account the condensation conditions in the preplanetary nebula in the accretion zone of Mars, it can be concluded that large amounts of water or hydrated silicates have condensed in those regions. Therefore, water influences significantly the melting behaviour and the viscosity of the silicatic material. A model for the calculation of the thermal history of a planet is constructed. On this basis, and use of water — saturated solidus — it is possible to derive that the core is not liquid, as given in models employing a dry mantle solidus, but solid to a large extent, which prevents the operation of a large-scale dynamo and explains in that way the lack of a magnetic field. With these assumptions one can construct a possible evolutionary scheme that covers early crust differentiation, a hot thermal past and the missing magnetic field at present.  相似文献   

Experimental determination of synthetic NdPO₄ monazite end-member solubility in water from 21°C to 300°C: implications for rare earth element mobility in crustal fluids     

Franck Poitrasson  Eric Oelkers  Jean-Marc Montel 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(10):2207-2221

The solubility of synthetic NdPO₄ monazite end-member has been determined experimentally from 21 to 300°C in aqueous solutions at pH = 2, and at 21°C and pH = 2 for GdPO₄. Measurements were performed in batch reactors, with regular solution sampling for pH measurement, rare earths and phosphorous analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled with a desolvation system. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to check that no reprecipitation of secondary phases occurred and that the mineral surfaces remained those of a monazite. Coupled with speciation calculations, measured solution compositions permitted the determination of NdPO₄ and GdPO₄ solubility products which are in general agreement with previous experimental determination on rhabdophane at 25°C, but showing that monazite is more than two orders of magnitude less soluble than inferred on the basis of previous thermodynamic estimates. The temperature evolution from 21 to 300°C of the equilibrium constant (K) of the NdPO₄ monazite end-member dissolution reaction given by: