Incorporating Māori values into land management decision tools     

Shannan K. Crow  Kyle D. Nelson  Amy L. Whitehead 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2020,54(3):431-448

ABSTRACT

Environmental sustainability and the long-term wellbeing of Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) are interdependent and degradation of landscapes risks the progressive degradation of Māori wellbeing. The present study developed an analysis framework based on Ki Uta Ki Tai (holistic-mountains to the sea- management philosophy advocated by Ngāi Tahu) for exploring relationships between landcover and Māori values to enable predictions of cultural values through space and time. We used this framework to predict how two Māori values (Overall Health and Cultural Land Use) have been altered as a result of landcover change between 2001–2012 in three Canterbury catchments. The area of native vegetation declined while exotic pasture increased between 2001–2012, and there were corresponding declines in both cultural health scores. These results suggest that the change in landcover has reduced the ability of the landscape to support Māori values. This framework for assessing changes in Māori values with respect to changing environmental conditions may identify opportunities for Māori to better engage in land use management decisions.  相似文献   

Occurrence and feeding of berycomorphid and percomorphid teleost fish in the Rockall Trough     

Mauchline  J.; Gordon  J. D. M. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1984,41(3):239-247

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Verification of first annulus formation in the illicia and otoliths of white anglerfish, Lophius piscatorius using otolith microstructure     

Wright  P. J.; Woodroffe  D. A.; Gibb  F. M.; Gordon  J. D. M. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2002,59(3):587-593

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Profiles of dissolved and acid-leachable selenium in a sediment core from the lower St. Lawrence estuary     

Kazufumi Takayanagi  Nelson Belzile   《Marine Chemistry》1988,24(3-4)

Concentrations of Se in the pore-water and in the solid phase, and the concentrations of other diagenetic constituents (Fe, Mn, phosphate, ammonium and I) in pore-water, were determined in a sediment core from a 350-m deep station in the lower St. Lawrence Estuary. The concentration of dissolved Se in pore-water was 2.1 nmol kg⁻¹ at the surface of the core, increasing to a maximum of 7.6 nmol kg⁻¹ at a depth of 12 cm, and thereafter decreasing gradually with depth. This profile is similar to the profiles of Fe and phosphate, whose concentration maxima occur around 10 cm. The concentration of total sedimentary Se remained almost constant with depth (≈ 0.75 mg kg⁻¹); however, a significant enrichment of oxalate-leachable Se was observed in the top 2 cm. The sedimentary cycling of Se appears to be closely related to that of Fe: adsorption of Se onto Fe oxyhydroxide at or near the sediment-water interface, release of the adsorbed Se by the reduction of Fe oxyhydroxide, and removal by formation of ferroselite (FeSe₂) at depth. The pore-water flux of Se was estimated by two different methods, firstly from the pore-water gradient, and secondly by applying a box model to the oxalate-leachable solid-phase Se data. The methods agree well both giving values for the flux of 0.11 nmol cm⁻² year⁻¹. This agreement suggests that the loss of labile Se in the sediment is balanced by the upward flux of dissolved Se.  相似文献   

Nocdap results: On the relationship of extreme waves and currents for design of offshore structures     

R. Lee Gordon  Finn-Erik Dahl  David J.H. Peters 《Ocean Engineering》1985,12(4):293-308

Simultaneous wind, wave, and current data during 21 storms spanning four winters at Tromsøflaket (230 m depth) were analysed to determine joint probabilities of occurrence. Waves were measured with a Waverider Buoy, winds with a recording anemometer onboard a vessel and currents at up to five depths with Aandera RCM-4 current meters. Measured currents were filtered to separate tidal currents from residual currents. In most of the statistical analyses, the actual current profiles were replaced with a simplified “equivalent” profile (constant above 50 m depth) whose magnitude was chosen to give the same drag load on a single pile as the actual profile when both profiles were combined with wave orbital velocities. The data suggest that the equivalent current is weakly correlated with the wave height. Within the range of the data analysed, an in-line equivalent residual current of 30 cm sec⁻¹ is adequate for design drag force calculations.The data presented here are used to illustrate a procedure for data analysis and are not suitable for use as design criteria.  相似文献   

Animal-sediment relations in shallow water benthic communities     

Ralph Gordon Johnson 《Marine Geology》1971

Ninety benthic samples were used to study animal-sediment relations in Tomales Bay, California. While most of the benthic species studied were found more often in a particular type of substrate, individuals of such species were occasionally found in other substrates. There is a striking tendency for species occurring outside of their characteristic environment to be associated with the most diverse assemblages of the foreign substrate. Species low in the order of succession are those species that are found more frequently on other substrates. These phenomena are explained in terms of environmental stability. The concepts involved suggest a means of predicting the sequence of faunal changes following the alteration of the substrate.  相似文献   

Mean flow and variability in the southwestern East Sea     

Kyung-Il Chang  Nelson G. Hogg  Moon-Sik Suk  Sang-Kyung Byun  Young-Gyu Kim  Kuh Kim 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2002,49(12)

The Ulleung Basin is one of three deep basins that are contained within the East/Japan Sea. Current meter moorings have been maintained in this basin beginning in 1996. The data from these moorings are used to investigate the mean circulation pattern, variability of deep flows, and volume transports of major water masses in the Ulleung Basin with supporting hydrographic data and help from a high-resolution numerical model. The bottom water within the Ulleung Basin, which must enter through a constricted passage from the north, is found to circulate cyclonically—a pattern that seems prevalent throughout the East Sea. A strong current of about 6 cms⁻¹ on average flows southward over the continental slope off the Korean coast underlying the northward East Korean Warm Current as part of the mean abyssal cyclonic circulation. Volume transports of the northward East Korean Warm Current, and southward flowing East Sea Intermediate Water and East Sea Proper Water are estimated to be 1.4 Sv (1 Sv=10⁻⁶ m³ s⁻¹), 0.8 Sv, and 3.0–4.0 Sv, respectively. Deep flow variability involves a wide range of time scales with no apparent seasonal variations, whereas the deep currents in the northern East Sea are known to be strongly seasonal.  相似文献   

Contributions to atmospheric methane by natural seepages on the U.K. continental shelf [Mar. Geol. 137 (1997) 165–189]     

Alan Judd  Gareth Davies  Jason Wilson  Richard Holmes  Gordon Baron  Ian Bryden 《Marine Geology》1997,140(3-4):427-455

Natural gas seepages occur on the United Kingdom's continental shelf and although published reports suggest that they are very rare, the petroleum industry has identified, but not publicly reported, many more. There is also very little data on the flux of gas from seabed seepages, and even less on the contribution of seepages to atmospheric concentrations of gases such as methane.

Potential gas source rocks include Quaternary and Tertiary peats as well as petroliferous source rocks such as the Carboniferous Coal Measures and the Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clays. There are also other organic-rich sediments which are potential source rocks. Together these cover a considerable part of the U.K. continental shelf.

Analogue seismic reflection (pinger) profiles acquired during the British Geological Survey's regional mapping programme have been reviewed to identify water column targets including fish and plumes of gas bubbles. The ability to distinguish targets is critical to an assessment of the distribution of gas seepages. Both theoretical predictions of target identity and the habits of shoaling fish have been investigated in order to identify a method of distinction.

Data from seabed seepages and measurements of seepage rates have been used to establish likely ranges of gas flux rates and the sizes of gas bubbles. The likelihood that a rising bubble will survive and escape into the atmosphere is determined primarily by bubble size and water depth; methane, the principal constituent of seepage gas, is relatively unreactive and sparingly soluble.

The studies have enabled a new estimate of the distribution of gas seepages on the U.K. continental shelf, and of the contribution to atmospheric methane levels. The results suggest that natural gas seepages are significantly more important as a source of methane than had hitherto been established. It is estimated that between 120,000 and 3.5 mtonnes of methane per year come from a continental shelf area of about 600,000 km². This represents between 2% and 40% of the total United Kingdom methane emission. It is suggested that similar contributions arise from other continental shelf areas worldwide, and that geological sources of atmospheric methane are more significant than is generally acknowledged.  相似文献   

Is the ‘superhot’ hard x-ray component in solar flares consistent with a thermal source?     

A. Gordon Emslie  Victoria Newman Coffey  Richard A. Schwartz 《Solar physics》1989,122(2):313-317

It has been shown by Brown and Emslie (1988) that any optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung source must emit an energy spectrumL () (keV s^–1 keV^–1) which has the property that higher derivatives alternate in sign, i.e., (–) ^j L(^j)() > 0 for allj. In this short note, we apply this test to the superhot component discussed by Linet al. (1981) in order to determine whether a strictly thermal interpretation of this component is valid. We find that all statistically significant higher derivatives do indeed have the correct sign; this strengthens the identification of this component as due to a thermal source.Presidential Young Investigator.  相似文献   

Glacio-lacustrine stratigraphy,aquifer characterization and contaminant transport: a case study in South Lake Tahoe,California, USA     

Craig W. Morgan  Graham M. Kent  Gordon G. Seitz  Michaela Novak 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(5):981-994

A hydrogeologic model that has been used by many researchers and consultants to describe an area of South Lake Tahoe, California, USA impacted by MTBE contamination describes a relatively homogeneous unconfined aquifer comprised of poorly sorted glacial outwash deposits, within which water-supply wells are able to exert significant alteration in natural groundwater flow. A re-examination of the area’s hydrogeology is presented, which supports a layered heterogeneous aquifer system constructed of alternating fine and coarser-grained glacio-lacustrine depositional units. This re-evaluation was accomplished through a review of lithologic logs across an area of approximately 1 km², combined with observations of significant hydraulic head differences and knowledge of the depositional environments controlled by Pleistocene Lake Tahoe high stands. Many of the fine-grained units observed at depths from 6 to 15 m, although relatively thin, are generally continuous and serve as significant barriers to groundwater flow. The vertical migration of contamination across these fine-grained units to deeper groundwaters was facilitated by cross-screened monitoring wells installed as part of site investigation activities. This conclusion highlights the importance of geologic characterization and proper monitoring well construction at contaminated site investigations.

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