Isotopic Ratios in Comets: Status and Perspectives     

E. Jehin  J. Manfroid  D. Hutsemékers  C. Arpigny  J.-M. Zucconi 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2009,105(2-4):167-180

Isotopic abundance ratios are excellently suited to probe the origin of solar system matter. We review the recent measurements of the isotopic ratios of the light elements (D/H, ¹²C/¹³C, ¹⁶O/¹⁸O, ¹⁴N/¹⁵N, ³²S/³⁴S) in cometary dust and gas and discuss briefly their implications. Special emphasis will be put on the determinations and progress performed in the field over the past years thanks to high resolution spectroscopy of cometary comae obtained with the ESO Very Large Telescope. Future perspectives from space missions and ground-based observations with new large and extremely large telescopes operating in the optical, infrared and submillimeter wavelengths will be presented.  相似文献   

Internal and forced variability along a section between Greenland and Portugal in the CLIPPER Atlantic model     

Anne Marie Treguier  Claire Gourcuff  Pascale Lherminier  Herle Mercier  Bernard Barnier  Gurvan Madec  Jean-Marc Molines  Thierry Penduff  Lars Czeschel  Claus Böning 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(5-6):568-580

Numerical models are used to estimate the meridional overturning and transports along the paths of two hydrographic cruises, carried out in 1997 and 2002 from Greenland to Portugal. We have examined the influence of the different paths of the two cruises and found that it could explain 0.4 to 2 Sv of difference in overturning (the precise value is model-dependent). Models show a decrease in the overturning circulation between 1997 and 2002, with different amplitudes. The CLIPPER ATL6 model reproduces well the observed weakening of the overturning in density coordinates between the cruises; in the model, the change is due to the combination of interannual and high-frequency forcing and internal variability associated with eddies and meanders. Examination of the -coordinate overturning reveals model–data discrepancies: the vertical structure in the models does not change as much as the observed one. The East Greenland current variability is mainly wind-forced in the ATL6 model, while fluctuations due to eddies and instabilities explain a large part of the North Atlantic Current variability. The time-residual transport of dense water and heat due to eddy correlations between currents and properties is small across this section, which is normal to the direction of the main current.  相似文献   

Persistent multi-decadal Greenland temperature fluctuation through the last millennium     

Takuro Kobashi  Jeffrey P. Severinghaus  Jean-Marc Barnola  Kenji Kawamura  Tara Carter  Tosiyuki Nakaegawa 《Climatic change》2010,100(3-4):733-756

Future Greenland temperature evolution will affect melting of the ice sheet and associated global sea-level change. Therefore, understanding Greenland temperature variability and its relation to global trends is critical. Here, we reconstruct the last 1,000 years of central Greenland surface temperature from isotopes of N₂ and Ar in air bubbles in an ice core. This technique provides constraints on decadal to centennial temperature fluctuations. We found that northern hemisphere temperature and Greenland temperature changed synchronously at periods of ~20 years and 40–100 years. This quasi-periodic multi-decadal temperature fluctuation persisted throughout the last millennium, and is likely to continue into the future.  相似文献   

A method for regional climate change detection using smooth temporal patterns     

Aurélien Ribes  Jean-Marc Azaïs  Serge Planton 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(2-3):391-406

This paper introduces an original method for climate change detection, called temporal optimal detection method. The method consists in searching for a smooth temporal pattern in the observations. This pattern can be either the response of the climate system to a specific forcing or to a combination of forcings. Many characteristics of this new method are different from those of the classical “optimal fingerprint” method. It allows to infer the spatial distribution of the detected signal, without providing any spatial guess pattern. The spatial properties of the internal climate variability doesn’t need to be estimated either. The estimation of such quantities being very challenging at regional scale, the proposed method is particularly well-suited for such scale. The efficiency of the method is illustrated by applying it on real homogenized datasets of temperatures and precipitation over France. A multimodel detection is performed in both cases, using an ensemble of atmosphere-ocean general circulation models for estimating the temporal patterns. Regarding temperatures, new results are highlighted, especially by showing that a change is detected even after removing the uniform part of the warming. The sensitivity of the method is discussed in this case, relatively to the computation of the temporal patterns and to the choice of the model. The method also allows to detect a climate change signal in precipitation. This change impacts the spatial distribution of the precipitation more than the mean over the domain. The ability of the method to provide an estimate of the spatial distribution of the change following the prescribed temporal patterns is also illustrated.  相似文献   

Diversité du métamorphisme éclogitique dans le massif ophiolitique du Monviso (Alpes occidentales,Italie)     

Stéphane Schwartz  Jean-Marc Lardeaux  Stéphane Guillot  Pierre Tricart 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(2-3):169-188

Résumé

Le complexe ophiolitique du Monviso représente un témoin essentiel de la lithosphère océanique subduite puis exhumée dans les Alpes occidentales. Ce complexe est classiquement subdivisé en unités lithologiques, qui ont toutes subi une évolution structurale caractérisée par la succession de trois événements dans des environnements (1) éclogitique, (2) schistes bleus puis (3) schistes verts. Cependant la quantification des conditions physiques du métamorphisme éclogitique au sein de trois unités à lithologies comparables (Viso Mozzo, Passo Gallarino et Lago Superiore), montrent clairement l’existence d’une hétérogénéité des conditions éclogitiques enregistrée par l’ensemble des unités, indépendamment de la chimie de la roche initiale. Les conditions estimées sont de 450 ± 40 °C et de 12 ± 3 kb pour l’unité du Viso Mozzo et du Passo Gallarino contre 580 ± 40°C et 19 ± 2 kb pour l’unité du Lago Superiore. De plus l’analyse structurale combinée révèle que c’est au cours de l’exhumation, dans les conditions du faciès des schistes bleus, que les différentes unités vont être juxtaposées et vont suivre une histoire tectono-métamorphique commune. Ces nouvelles données, impliquent une réinterprétation des modèles géodynamiques existants et couramment admis pour le Monviso. Ce dernier doit être considéré comme un complexe résultant de l’accrétion de différents morceaux d’une lithosphère océanique subduite, qui se sont détachés à différentes profondeurs pour venir se stocker à 25 km de profondeur dans les conditions du faciès des schistes bleus. © 2000 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS  相似文献   

Fluorapatite in carbonatite-related phosphate deposits: the case of the Matongo carbonatite (Burundi)     

Sophie Decrée  Philippe Boulvais  Luc Tack  Luc André  Jean-Marc Baele 《Mineralium Deposita》2016,51(4):453-466

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Self-gravity in curved mesh elements     

Jean-Marc Huré  Audrey Trova  Franck Hersant 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2014,118(4):299-314

The local character of self-gravity along with the number of spatial dimensions are critical issues when computing the potential and forces inside massive systems like stars and disks. This appears from the discretisation scale where each cell of the numerical grid is a self-interacting body in itself. There is apparently no closed-form expression yet giving the potential of a three-dimensional homogeneous cylindrical or spherical cell, in contrast with the Cartesian case. By using Green’s theorem, we show that the potential integral for such polar-type 3D sectors—initially, a volume integral with singular kernel—can be converted into a regular line-integral running over the lateral contour, thereby generalising a formula already known under axial symmetry. It therefore is a step towards the obtention of another potential/density pair. The new kernel is a finite function of the cell’s shape (with the simplest form in cylindrical geometry), and mixes incomplete elliptic integrals, inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. The contour integral is easy to compute; it is valid in the whole physical space, exterior and interior to the sector itself and works in fact for a wide variety of shapes of astrophysical interest (e.g. sectors of tori or flared discs). This result is suited to easily providing reference solutions, and to reconstructing potential and forces in inhomogeneous systems by superposition. The contour integrals for the 3 components of the acceleration vector are explicitely given.  相似文献   

Homage to Philippe Matte     

Jean-Marc Lardeaux 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2009,341(2-3):95-96

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Temperature effect on the photodissociation rates in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus     

Jean-Paul Parisot  Jean-Marc Zucconi 《Icarus》1984,60(2):327-331

The available solar flux at a given altitude in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus is attenuated mainly by CO₂ (molecular absorption and Rayleigh scattering) with an extra contribution due to SO₂ on Venus. The dissociation cross section of CO₂ depends on temperature. At temperatures appropriate for these atmospheres (～250°K), the cross sections are about 15% lower than those at room conditions (Y.L. Yung and W.B. De More, 1982, Icarus, 51, 199). It is shown that this temperature effect cannot be neglected in the evaluation of photolysis rates. Calculations of the photodissociation coefficients of CO₂, SO₂, HCl, and H₂O are presented. For example, at the surface of Mars, the coefficient of H₂O is nearly multiplied by a factor of 10!  相似文献   

Impact of spatial resolution on simulated surface water mass transformations in the Atlantic     

Sergey K. Gulev  Bernard Barnier  Jean-Marc Molines  Thierry Penduff  Jrme Chanut 《Ocean Modelling》2007,19(3-4):138-160

We analyze the water mass transformation in coarse (1°) and high (1/6°) resolution ocean simulations with the identical configuration of the CLIPPER model and interannual ERA15 forcing function. Climatological characteristics of surface water mass transformation in the two experiments are quite different. The high resolution experiment exhibits a stronger surface transformation in equatorial and tropical regions, in the Gulf Stream area and in the location of the formation of Subtropical Mode Water (STMW), associated with high levels of eddy kinetic energy. The coarse resolution experiment shows a better representation of the transformation rates corresponding to the densest subpolar mode waters and Labrador Sea Water (LSW). This is explained by the differences in lateral mixing procedures between high and coarse resolution experiments. The high resolution 1/6° run is eddy-resolving only in the tropics and mid-latitudes. In these areas eddies are found to enhance the process of water mass transformation compared to the isopycnal diffusion used to parameterized the eddies in the 1° model. Despite its 1/6° resolution, the high resolution model does not adequately represent eddies in the subpolar gyre and Labrador Sea. In these areas the high resolution model fails to correctly simulate water mass transformation because the lateral mixing (provided through the bi-harmonic sub-gridscale parameterization) of newly ventilated waters with surrounding waters is not efficient enough. In contrast in the coarse 1° resolution model, the strong lateral mixing and the unrealistically broad boundary currents imposed by the high diffusivity required for numerical stability mixes newly formed LSW waters with the warmer and saltier waters of the rim current. Finally, it results in a more effective representation of the surface water mass transformation in high latitudes in the 1° model. A possible impact of the increased lateral diffusion in high resolution experiment on the representation of re-stratification in the Labrador Sea was studied in sensitivity experiments with different lateral diffusion coefficients compared to the regional eddy-resolving 1/15° simulation in the subpolar North Atlantic. If the eddies are not resolved in subpolar latitudes (as in the case of 1/6° model), the GM90 parameterization with the coefficient close to 800 m² s⁻¹ provides the closest agreement with the solution of eddy-resolving 1/15° model.  相似文献