History of the Sole Source Aquifer Program: A Community-Based Approach for Protecting Aquifers Used for Drinking Water Supply     

William J. McCabe  Charles A. Job  John J. Simons  John S. Graves  Calvin J. Terada 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1997,17(3):78-86

The Sole Source Aquifer Program has helped prevent contamination of many community drinking water supplies. If an aquifer supplies the sole or principal source of a community's drinking water, a local ground water user may petition the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Safe Drinking Water Act for its designation and protection as a "sole source aquifer." Since 1974, residents and officials of 65 communities and multi-community areas have petitioned and received assistance from the EPA to prevent contamination of their local ground water source of drinking water. This designation means that EPA may review federal financially assisted projects to determine if they would contaminate the aquifer and cause a public health hazard. If they could cause contamination, EPA can request that the project be modified or stopped. The significance of this program in terms of population served and funds affected has been substantial, indicating the Sole Source Aquifer Program has been an important local tool for protecting ground water used as a source of drinking water. Information is given on three different examples of sole source aquifer designations protected under this program: the New Jersey Coastal Plain Aquifer System, the Great Miami River Buried Valley Aquifer System (Ohio), and the Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer (Idaho), serving populations of 543,000, 921,000, and 275,000, respectively. In all three examples, preventing ground water contamination through the Sole Source Aquifer Program has protected the community drinking water supply.  相似文献   

Holocene sea-level changes along the Strait of Magellan and Beagle Channel,southernmost South America     

Stephen C. Porter  Minze Stuiver  Calvin J. Heusser 《Quaternary Research》1984,22(1):59-67

Radiocarbon-dated marine sediments from five coastal sites along the Strait of Magellan and Beagle Channel in southernmost Chile permit construction of a curve of relative sea-level fluctuations during the Holocene. Morphologic and stratigraphic data point to coastal submergence during the early Holocene as the sea rose to a maximum level at least 3.5 m higher than present about 5000 yr ago. Progressive emergence then followed during the late Holocene. Data from widely separated localities define a smooth curve, the form of which is explainable in terms of isostatic and hydroisostatic deformation of the crust resulting from changing ice and water loads. Apparently anomalous data from one site located more than 100 km behind the outer limit of the last glaciation may reflect isostatic response to deglaciation. The sea-level curve resembles one derived by Clark and Bloom (1979, In “Proceedings of the 1978 International Symposium on Coastal Evolution in the Quaternary, Sao Paulo, Brasil,” pp. 41–60. Sao Paulo) using a spherical Earth model, both in amplitude and in the timing of the maximum submergence.  相似文献   

Late-glacial-Holocene climate of the lake district of Chile     

Calvin J. Heusser 《Quaternary Research》1984,22(1):77-90

Pollen evidence from a 350-cm section of a fen in a moraine belt at Rucañancu (39°33′S, 72°18′W) bears on the controversy regarding interpretation of late-glacial and Holocene climate in midlatitude Chile. Earlier pollen studies, indicating a cooling trend between approximately 11,000 and 10,000 yr B.P., disagreed with observations of glacier fluctuations which show continuous glacier wastage and, by inference, warming after 12,500 yr B.P. and possibly earlier, up until Neoglaciation, beginning after 6850 yr B.P. Fossil beetle assemblage data in this time range support the interpretation of climate made from the observed glacier behavior. At Rucañancu, a pollen assemblage containing upper montane podocarp (Podocarpus andinus) in quantities reaching 34% and dating between 10,440 and 10,000 yr B.P. implies a cold climate with summer temperatures possibly 5–8°C lower than today's. Holocene warming began afterward, later than the glacier and beetle records indicate, and continued until at least 8350 yr B.P., as suggested by the sequence of assemblages dominated by Myrtaceae, by Aextoxicon punctatum, and by Gramineae. A subsequent assemblage of Nothofagus obliqua type implies an increase of moisture until 6960 yr B.P., following which N. dombeyi type, under a cool and humid Neoglacial climate, became dominant.  相似文献   

Karst unit mapping using geographic information system technology,Mower County,Minnesota, USA   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jeffrey A. Green  William J. Marken  Calvin E. Alexander  Scott C. Alexander 《Environmental Geology》2002,42(5):457-461

Mower County is in southeastern Minnesota in an area underlain by sedimentary bedrock. These rocks are karsted Middle Devonian and Middle Ordovician limestone and dolomite. The karst features of the county were inventoried. These features include sinkholes, disappearing streams, caves, dry valleys, and springs. Previous karst mapping efforts for other counties in Minnesota have produced sinkhole probability maps and a springshed map. In Mower County, we have developed a new type of karst map using a geographic information system (GIS) to produce a karst unit map. Karst units are discrete three-dimensional bodies in which solution of the bedrock has resulted in the integration of surface water and groundwater. The field mapping and hydrologic investigations were done with conventional methods. The karst unit delineation was done using GIS technology, which allowed us to examine the county's karst using two-dimensional and three-dimensional views. Many different overlays of the karst elements were combined to better understand the landscape dynamics. Ultimately, it was the overlay of the karst features, hydrologic information, and depth-to-bedrock mapping on a shaded relief landscape morphology map which allowed us to best delineate the individual karst units.  相似文献   

Public cost for private gain? Recent and proposed 'national' stadium developments in the UK, and commonalities with North America     

Calvin Jones 《Area》2002,34(2):160-170

A number of recent and proposed stadium developments in the UK have filled a perceived 'national' need. Subsidies for such developments have been obtained from public sources, although in most cases the facilities are privately owned. This paper examines the debate over stadium subsidy extant in North America, and considers whether the American experience can illuminate the issue of subsidy and public good in the UK.  相似文献   

Significance of a combined approach for replacement stones in the heritage buildings’ conservation frame     

Olivier Rozenbaum  Luc Barbanson  Fabrice Muller  Ary Bruand   《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2008,340(6):345-355

Stone substitution is a conventional operation during heritage buildings’ restoration, but becomes problematic for architects and restorers when the quarry is mined out. The compatibility of the substitution stones with the original ones has been for long mainly based on the aesthetical aspect, this resulting too often in a patchwork of original and substitution stones with different patina after several years because of differences of properties. In this study, the objective is to show how substitution stones can be selected by combining aesthetic criteria and stones properties that are relevant for analyzing their compatibility. A couple of French limestones with their potential substitution stones were selected for the study. Our results showed that potential substitution stones selected on their aesthetic criteria require to be rejected because of their differences of physical properties. On the other hand, our results showed also the possibility to select substitution stones with satisfactory aesthetic aspect and properties that enable to expect a satisfactory compatibility with the original stone.  相似文献   

A gamma‐ray spectroscopy survey of Omani meteorites          下载免费PDF全文

Patrick Weber  Beda A. Hofmann  Tamer Tolba  Jean‐Luc Vuilleumier 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(6):1017-1029

The gamma‐ray activities of 33 meteorite samples (30 ordinary chondrites, 1 Mars meteorite, 1 iron, 1 howardite) collected during Omani‐Swiss meteorite search campaigns 2001–2008 were nondestructively measured using an ultralow background gamma‐ray detector. The results provide several types of information: Potassium and thorium concentrations were found to range within typical values for the meteorite types. Similar mean ²⁶Al activities in groups of ordinary chondrites with (1) weathering degrees W0‐1 and low ¹⁴C terrestrial age and (2) weathering degree W3‐4 and high ¹⁴C terrestrial age are mostly consistent with activities observed in recent falls. The older group shows no significant depletion in ²⁶Al. Among the least weathered samples, one meteorite (SaU 424) was found to contain detectable ²²Na identifying it as a recent fall close to the year 2000. Based on an estimate of the surface area searched, the corresponding fall rate is ~120 events/10⁶ km²*a, consistent with other estimations. Twelve samples from the large JaH 091 strewn field (total mass ~4.5 t) show significant variations of ²⁶Al activities, including the highest values measured, consistent with a meteoroid radius of ~115 cm. Activities of ²³⁸U daughter elements demonstrate terrestrial contamination with ²²⁶Ra and possible loss of ²²²Rn. Recent contamination with small amounts of ¹³⁷Cs is ubiquitous. We conclude that gamma‐ray spectroscopy of a selection of meteorites with low degrees of weathering is particularly useful to detect recent falls among meteorites collected in hot deserts.  相似文献   

Parameter identification in fresh-saltwater flow based on borehole resistivities and freshwater head data     

Luc Lebbe 《Advances in water resources》1999,22(8):107

By means of a series of borehole resistivity measurements and a resistivity–salinity relation, a particular salt-freshwater inversion was found under the shore with semi-diurnal tides at the French–Belgian border. These resistivity data provide valuable information about the vertical variation of the saltwater percentage in different boreholes. At different places and depths fluctuations of freshwater heads are observed. A regression modelling procedure is proposed in which the hydraulic parameters for density dependent flow and solute transport can be simultaneously considered with the parameters of the resistivity–salinity relation. The object function comprises resistivity residuals and freshwater head residuals along with saltwater percentage residuals and parameter residuals. First, a synthetic problem is elaborated with this regression modelling procedure. It is followed by the application of the procedure on the observed fresh-saltwater flow problem under the shore. In the synthetic problem the identification of the hydraulic parameters was demonstrated without the inclusion of prior information about these parameters. The resistivity–salinity relation was slightly adjusted in this regression. During the regression modelling of the observations made in one of the shore-normal cross sections, the horizontal and vertical conductivity are identified along with the effective porosity and the longitudinal and transverse dispersivity. The optimal values of the dispersivities are very small. Finally, it is shown that the high waters on the back shore forms the main threat of saltwater enchroachment from the sea side of the dunes and that the isolated fresh-brackish lens under the lower part of the shore before the build up area of De Panne can be explained by overexploitation.  相似文献   

River Seepage Conductance in Large‐Scale Regional Studies          下载免费PDF全文

Hubert J. Morel‐Seytoux  Calvin D. Miller  Cinzia Miracapillo  Steffen Mehl 《Ground water》2017,55(3):399-407

Flow exchange between surface and groundwater is of great importance be it for beneficial allocation and use of water resources or for the proper exercise of water rights. In large‐scale regional studies, most numerical models use coarse grid sizes, which make it difficult to provide an accurate depiction of the phenomenon. In particular, a somewhat arbitrary leakance coefficient in a third type (i.e., Cauchy, General Head) boundary condition is used to calculate the seepage discharge as a function of the difference of head in the river and in the aquifer, whose value is often found by calibration. A different approach is presented to analytically estimate that leakance coefficient. It is shown that a simple equivalence can be deduced from the analytical solution for the empirical coefficient, so that it provides the accuracy of the analytical solution while the model maintains a very coarse grid, treating the water‐table aquifer as a single calculation layer. Relating the empirical leakance coefficient to the exact conductance, derived from physical principles, provides a physical basis for the leakance coefficient. Factors such as normalized wetted perimeter, degree of penetration of the river, presence of a clogging layer, and anisotropy can be included with little computational demand. In addition the river coefficient in models such as MODFLOW, for example, can be easily modified when grid size is changed without need for recalibration.  相似文献   

Geochemical diversity in S processes mediated by culture-adapted and environmental-enrichments of Acidithiobacillus spp.     

Luc Bernier 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(23):5684-5697

Coupled S speciation and acid generation resulting from S processing associated with five different microbial treatments, all primarily Acidithiobacillus spp. (i.e. autotrophic S-oxidizers) were evaluated in batch laboratory experiments. Microbial treatments included two culture-adapted strains, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, their consortia and two environmental enrichments from a mine tailings lake that were determined to be >95% Acidithiobacillus spp., by whole-cell fluorescent hybridization. Using batch experiments simulating acidic mine waters with no carbon amendments, acid generation, and S speciation associated with the oxidation of three S substrates (thiosulfate, tetrathionate, and elemental S) were evaluated. Aseptic controls showed no observable pH decrease over the experimental time course (1 month) for all three S compounds examined. In contrast, pH decreased in all microbial treatments from starting pH values of 4 to 2 or less for all three S substrates. Results show a non-linear relationship between the pH dynamics of the batch cultures and their corresponding sulfate concentrations, and indicate how known microbial S processing pathways have opposite impacts, ultimately on pH dynamics. Associated geochemical modeling indicated negligible abiogenic processes contributing to the observed results, indicating strong microbial control of acid generation extending over pH ranges from 4 to less than 2. However, the observed acid generation rates and associated S speciation were both microbial treatment and substrate-specific. Results reveal a number of novel insights regarding microbial catalysis of S oxidation: (1) metabolic diversity in S processing, as evidenced by the observed geochemical signatures in S chemical speciation and rates of acid generation amongst phylogenetically similar organisms (to the genus level); (2) consortial impacts differ from those of individual strain members; (3) environmental enrichments of Acidithiobacillus spp. catalyze different S reaction arrays than pure strain Acidithiobacillus spp.; and (4) microbial catalysis of S reactions involves significant disproportionation tied to substantial H⁺ consumption, with the formation of as yet, poorly characterized intermediate S species, most likely polythionates and polysulfane monosulfonic acids that are thought to be involved in microbial S storage mechanisms.  相似文献