The quantitative analysis of OH in vesuvianite: a polarized FTIR and SIMS study     

Fabio Bellatreccia  Giancarlo Della Ventura  Luisa Ottolini  Eugen Libowitzky  Anton Beran 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2005,32(1):65-76

A well-characterized suite of vesuvianite samples from the volcanic ejecta (skarn or syenites) from Latium (Italy) was studied by single-crystal, polarized radiation, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and secondary-ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS). OH-stretching FTIR spectra consist of a rather well-defined triplet of broad bands at higher-frequency (3,700–3,300 cm^–1) and a very broad composite absorption below 3,300 cm^–1. Measurements with E//c or Ec show that all bands are strongly polarized with maximum absorption for E//c. They are in agreement with previous band assignments (Groat et al. Can Mineral 33:609, 1995) to the two O(11)–H(1) and O(10)–H(2) groups in the structure. Pleochroic measurements with changing direction of the E vector of the incident radiation show that the orientation of the O(11)–H(1) dipole is OHc~35°, in excellent agreement with the neutron data of Lager et al. (Can Mineral 37:763, 1999). A SIMS-based calibration curve at ~10% rel. accuracy has been worked out and used as reference for the quantitative analysis of H₂O in vesuvianite by FTIR. Based on previous SIMS results for silicate minerals (Ottolini and Hawthorne in J Anal At Spectrom 16:1266, 2001; Ottolini et al. in Am Mineral 87:1477, 2002) the SiO₂ and FeO content of the matrix were assumed as the major factors to be considered at a first approximation in the selection of the standards for H. The lack of vesuvianite standards for quantitative SIMS analysis of H₂O has been here overcome by selecting low-silica elbaite crystals (Ottolini et al. in Am Mineral 87:1477, 2002). The resulting integrated molar absorption FTIR coefficient for vesuvianite is _i=100.000±2.000 l mol^–1 cm^–2. SIMS data for Li, B, F, Sr, Y, Be, Ba REE, U and Th are also provided in the paper.  相似文献   

HIGH TEMPERATURE WETAMORPHIS AND ZRUSTAL ANATEXIS     

Ashworth  Brown 《地学学报》1991,3(2):218-219

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The orbital period distribution of subdwarf-B binaries     

Luisa Morales-Rueda  Pierre F.L. Maxted  Tom R. Marsh 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2004,291(3-4):299-306

We present the results of a 3.5 year long campaign to measure orbital periods of subdwarf-B (sdB) star binaries. We directly compare our observed orbital period distribution with that predicted by using binary population synthesis. Up to now, most of our systems seem to have been formed through two of the formation channels discussed by Han et al. (2003, MNRAS 341, p. 669), i.e. the first and the second common envelope ejection (CE) channels. At this point, thanks to the long baseline of our observations, we are starting to detect also very long orbital period systems. These have probably come from a complete different formation path, the first stable Roche Lobe overflow (RLOF) channel in which the first mass transfer phase is stable. This channel is expected to lead to the formation of very wide binaries with typical orbital periods ranging from 1 month to 1 year.  相似文献   

Computational fluid dynamics and the physical modelling of an upland urban river     

Lin Ma  Philip J. Ashworth  James L. Best  Lionel Elliott  Derek B. Ingham  Leslie J. Whitcombe   《Geomorphology》2002,44(3-4)

This paper describes the application of a commercially available, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model to simulate the flow structure in an upland river that is prone to flooding. Simulations use a rectangular channel geometry, smooth sidewalls and a bed topography obtained from the field site that contains a subdued pool–riffle sequence. The CFD model uses the RNG κ– turbulence closure scheme of Yakhot and Orszag (J. Sci. Comput. 1 (1986) 1), as implemented in FLUENT 4.4.4, with a free surface. Results are shown for numerical runs simulating a 1:100 year return interval flood. Output from the numerical model is compared to a physical model experiment that uses a 1:35 scale fibreglass mould of the field study reach and measures velocity using ultrasonic Doppler velocity profiling (UDVP). Results are presented from the numerical and flume models for the water surface and streamwise velocity pattern and for the secondary flows simulated in the numerical model. A good agreement is achieved between the CFD model output and the physical model results for the downstream velocities.Results suggest that the streamwise velocity is the main influence on the flow structure at the discharge and channel configuration studied. Secondary flows are, in general, very weak being below the resolution of measurement in the physical model and less than 10% of the streamwise velocity in the numerical model. Consequently, there is no evidence for a ‘velocity dip’. It is suggested that the subdued topography or inlet morphology may inhibit the development of secondary flows that have been recorded in previous flat-bed, rectangular open channel flows. A significant corollary of these results is that the morphological evolution of the pool–riffle sequence at high discharges may be controlled primarily by the downstream distribution of velocity and sediment transport with little role for lateral sorting and sediment routing by secondary flows. This paper also raises a number of issues that may be of use in future CFD modelling of three-dimensional flow in open channels within the geomorphological community.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variation of biomarkers in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Lagoon of Venice, Italy     

Nicoletta Nesto  Martina Bertoldo  Cristina Nasci  Luisa Da Ros   《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):287

A multiple biomarker approach was adopted in a seasonal study carried out in the Lagoon of Venice, with the double aim of evaluating the natural and anthropic stresses influencing the biological responses of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and of assessing the effects due to spatial rather than temporal variations.Biochemical (aldehyde dehydrogenase and catalase activities), cellular (neutral red retention time) and physiological (survival in air and condition index) biomarkers were determined in mussels collected in four differently impacted lagoon areas.Multivariate analysis showed that samples were distributed mainly according to temperature and four seasonal groups were identified. The combination of spatial and temporal information enabled us to distinguish physiological variations due to natural causes from those due to anthropic stress, and to identify the sampling period when several biomarkers are less influenced by both natural and endogenous factors.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variation of biomarkers in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Lagoon of Venice, Italy     

Nesto N  Bertoldo M  Nasci C  Da Ros L 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):287-291

A multiple biomarker approach was adopted in a seasonal study carried out in the Lagoon of Venice, with the double aim of evaluating the natural and anthropic stresses influencing the biological responses of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and of assessing the effects due to spatial rather than temporal variations. Biochemical (aldehyde dehydrogenase and catalase activities), cellular (neutral red retention time) and physiological (survival in air and condition index) biomarkers were determined in mussels collected in four differently impacted lagoon areas. Multivariate analysis showed that samples were distributed mainly according to temperature and four seasonal groups were identified. The combination of spatial and temporal information enabled us to distinguish physiological variations due to natural causes from those due to anthropic stress, and to identify the sampling period when several biomarkers are less influenced by both natural and endogenous factors.  相似文献   

A Late Cenozoic age for long‐wavelength surface uplift of the Atlas Mountains of Morocco     

Julien Babault  Antonio Teixell  Maria Luisa Arboleya  Mohammed Charroud 《地学学报》2008,20(2):102-107

The Atlas Mountains have been uplifted by two mechanisms: Cenozoic thickening of the crust and thinning of the mantle lithosphere due to a buoyant thermal anomaly, previously inferred by indirect criteria to have started some 15 Ma. Because crustal shortening‐related uplift and mantle‐related uplift affect the topography at different spatial scales, we use scattered direct surface evidence to clarify the palaeoelevation dynamics. Uplifted Messinian shallow marine sediments in the southern margin of the Saïss Basin and in the northern Middle Atlas, tilted Pliocene lacustrine deposits in the Saïss Basin and in the piedmont of the southern High Atlas and drainage‐network reorganization in the Saïss Basin underscore the long‐wavelength rock uplift of the Atlas domain of mantle origin. The low erosion of the aforementioned deposits indicates that such uplift is a true surface uplift that occurred in post‐Miocene times at a minimum rate ranging from 0.17 to 0.22 mm yr^?1.  相似文献   

Chondrite thermal histories: Clues from electron microscopy of orthopyroxene     

J.R. Ashworth 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1980,46(2):167-177

Optically “striated” orthopyroxenes in two ordinary chondrites, Allegan (H5) and Quenggouk (H4), are compared with shock-affected orthopyroxenes in Saint-Sévérin (LL6) and Ambapur Nagla (H5) by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy. The striated orthopyroxenes have very many, thin, evenly distributed lamellae of clinopyroxene. They are undeformed and also lack evidence of partial inversion from clinopyroxene to orthopyroxene. Striated orthopyroxene does not seem to be a reliable indicator of prograde metamorphism. Instead, it is interpreted as inverted protopyroxene, produced during the cooling of chondrules at slower rates than the rapid quenching of Type 3 chondrules. The conclusions are consistent with retrograde models for the evolution of H-group chondrites, in which the higher Petrologic Types are attributed to retarded cooling due to accretionary processes leading to the growth of the parent body. The thermal histories of ordinary chondrites could be greatly clarified by further experimental work on inversions in bronzitic pyroxenes.  相似文献   

The zircon-thorite mineral group in metasomatized granite,Ririwai, Nigeria 2. zoning,alteration and exsolution in Zircon     

Dr. C. M. Pointer  Dr. J. R. Ashworth  Dr. R. A. Ixer 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1988,39(1):21-37

Summary Zircon in the Ririwai biotite granite, and its albitized and greisenized varieties, is described by reflected-light and backscattered-electron (BSE) microscopy, and electron-microprobe analysis. The three rock-types show different features in their zircons. In biotite granite, some grains are corroded, and a patchy alteration is found which also affects zircons in greisenized rocks. Dark (low-reflectance) patches are enriched in minor elements (up to 7.9 wt% ThO₂, 4.0 UO₂ and 4.8 Y₂O₃). They are inferred to be metamict, from a combination of analytical evidence (low totals) and dark appearance in BSE images. The latter effect indicates the presence of submicroscopic voids. The dark patches are also inferred to contain hydroxyl anions. Albitized rocks have distinctive zircons with U-enriched cores (up to 6.1 wt% UO₂), and Hf-enriched margins (up to 14.0wt% HfO₂) with fine-scale growth-zoning of their Hf content. These grains are unaltered and are thought to have grown from the metasomatizing fluids, which the mineralogy indicates were fluorine-bearing. Fluoride complexing was probably important in the transport of the elements. A new interpretation proposed here, for numerous small inclusions of thorite in some parts of grains, is exsolution (following metastable growth of Th, U-rich zircon).

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Die Zirkon-Thorit Mineralgruppe im metasomatisierten Granit von Ririwai, Nigeria. 2. Zonierung, Alteration und Entmischungen im Zirkon

Zusammenfassung Zirkon aus dem Ririwai-Biotit-Granit und aus seinen albitisierten und vergreisten Varietäten wurde mit Auflicht-Mikroskopie, Backscatter Mikroskopie (BSE) und Mikrosonde untersucht. Die drei Gesteinstypen zeigen unterschiedliche Zirkonarten. Im Biotit-Granit sind manche Zirkonkörner korrodiert. Fleckige Alteration tritt sowohl bei Zirkonen aus dem Biotit-Granit wie auch in vergreisten Gesteinen auf. Dunkle (niedrig reflektierende) Flecken sind an Spurenelementen angereichert (bis zu 7,9 Gew.% ThO₂, 4,0% UO₂ und 4,8% Y₂O₃). Aus den analytischen Daten (niedrige Totale) und ihrem dunklen Erscheinen im BSE-Bild kann vermutet werden, daß sie metamikt sind. Dies deutet weiters auf das Vorhandensein von submikroskopischen Leerstellen hin. Die dunklen Flecken führen vermutlich auch Hydroxyl-Anionen. Die albitisierten Gesteine führen Zirkone mit U-angereicherten Kernen (bis 6,1 Gew.-% UO₂), Hf-reichen Rändern (bis 14,0 Gew.-%1 HfO₂) und mit einer feinen Wachstumszonierung des Hf-Gehaltes. Es handelt sich hierbei um unveränderte Körner, welche aus metasomatischen Fluida entstanden sind. Mineralogische Daten weisen darauf hin, daß die Fluida fluorführend waren. Fluorid-Komplexe haben wahrscheinlich eine große Bedeutung für den Transport der Elemente. Zahlreiche kleine Thorit-Einschlüsse in bestimmten Teilen der Zirkonkörner werden hier als Entmischungen (gefolgt von metastabilem Wachstum von Th, U-reichem Zirkon) interpretiert.

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With 7 figures  相似文献   

Alluvial Fans: Geomorphology, Sedimentology, Dynamics edited by Adrian Harvey, Anne Mather and Martin Stokes     

Phil Ashworth 《Area》2006,38(2):225-226

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