The 1958�C2009 Greenland ice sheet surface melt and the mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation     

Xavier Fettweis  Georges Mabille  Michel Erpicum  Samuel Nicolay  Michiel Van den Broeke 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(1-2):139-159

In order to assess the impact of the mid-tropospheric circulation over the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) on surface melt, as simulated by the regional climate model MAR, an automatic Circulation type classification (CTC) based on 500?hPa geopotential height from reanalyses is developed. General circulation correlates significantly with the surface melt anomalies for the summers in the period 1958?C2009. The record surface melt events observed during the summers of 2007?C2009 are linked to the exceptional persistence of atmospheric circulations favouring warm air advection. The CTC emphasizes that summer 500?hPa circulation patterns have changed since the beginning of the 2000s; this process is partly responsible for the recent warming observed over the GrIS.  相似文献   

Greenland��s contribution to global sea-level rise by the end of the 21st century     

Rune G. Graversen  Sybren Drijfhout  Wilco Hazeleger  Roderik van de Wal  Richard Bintanja  Michiel Helsen 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(7-8):1427-1442

The Greenland ice sheet holds enough water to raise the global sea level with ??7 m. Over the last few decades, observations manifest a substantial increase of the mass loss of this ice sheet. Both enhanced melting and increase of the dynamical discharge, associated with calving at the outlet-glacier fronts, are contributing to the mass imbalance. Using a dynamical and thermodynamical ice-sheet model, and taking into account speed up of outlet glaciers, we estimate Greenland??s contribution to the 21st-century global sea-level rise and the uncertainty of this estimate. Boundary fields of temperature and precipitation extracted from coupled climate-model projections used for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, are applied to the ice-sheet model. We implement a simple parameterization for increased flow of outlet glaciers, which decreases the bias of the modeled present-day surface height. It also allows for taking into account the observed recent increase in dynamical discharge, and it can be used for future projections associated with outlet-glacier speed up. Greenland contributes 0?C17?cm to global sea-level rise by the end of the 21st century. This range includes the uncertainties in climate-model projections, the uncertainty associated with scenarios of greenhouse-gas emissions, as well as the uncertainties in future outlet-glacier discharge. In addition, the range takes into account the uncertainty of the ice-sheet model and its boundary fields.  相似文献   

Keck and VLT AO observations and models of the uranian rings during the 2007 ring plane crossings     

Imke de Pater  David E. Dunn  Daphne M. Stam  Mark R. Showalter  Heidi B. Hammel  Michiel Min  Markus Hartung  Seran G. Gibbard  Marcos A. van Dam  Keith Matthews 《Icarus》2013

We present observations of the uranian ring system at a wavelength of 2.2 μm, taken between 2003 and 2008 with NIRC2 on the W.M. Keck telescope in Hawaii, and on 15–17 August 2007 with NaCo on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. Of particular interest are the data taken around the time of the uranian ring plane crossing with Earth on 16 August 2007, and with the Sun (equinox) on 7 December 2007. We model the data at the different viewing aspects with a Monte Carlo model to determine: (1) the normal optical depth τ₀, the location, and the radial extent of the main rings, and (2) the parameter Aτ₀ (A is the particle geometric albedo), the location, and the radial plus vertical extent of the dusty rings. Our main conclusions are: (i) The brightness of the ? ring is significantly enhanced at small phase and ring inclination angles; we suggest this extreme opposition effect to probably be dominated by a reduction in interparticle shadowing. (ii) A broad sheet of dust particles extends inwards from the λ ring almost to the planet itself. This dust sheet has a vertical extent of ∼140 km, and Aτ₀ = 2.2 × 10⁻⁶. (iii) The dusty rings between ring 4 and the α ring and between the α and β rings are vertically extended with a thickness of ∼300 km. (iv) The ζ ring extends from ∼41,350 km almost all the way inwards to the planet. The main ζ ring, centered at ∼39,500 km from the planet, is characterized by Aτ₀ = 3.7 × 10⁻⁶; this parameter decreases closer to the planet. The ζ ring has a full vertical extent of order 800–900 km, with a pronounced density enhancement in the mid-plane. (v) The η_c ring is optically thin and less than several tens of km in the vertical direction. This ring may be composed of macroscopic material, surrounded by clumps of dust.  相似文献   

Did tillage erosion play a role in millennial scale landscape development?     

Jantiene E.M. Baartman  Arnaud J.A.M. Temme  Jeroen M. Schoorl  Michiel H.A. Braakhekke  Tom Veldkamp 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(15):1615-1626

Landscape evolution models (LEMs) quantitatively simulate processes of sedimentation and erosion on millennial timescales. An important aspect of human impact on erosion is sediment redistribution due to agriculture, referred to herein as tillage erosion. In this study we aim to analyse the potential contribution of tillage erosion to landscape development using LEM LAPSUS. The model is calibrated separately for a water erosion process (i) without tillage and (ii) with tillage. The model is applied to the ~250 km² Torrealvilla case study catchment, SE Spain. We were able to simulate alternating sequences of incision and aggradation, that are important on longer (millennial) timescales. Generally, model results show that tillage erosion adds to deposition in the lower floodplain area, but neither water erosion alone nor water with tillage erosion together could exactly reproduce the observed amounts of erosion and sedimentation for the case study area. In addition, scale effects are apparent. On hillslopes, tillage may contribute importantly to erosion and may fill local depressions. If assessed on the catchment scale, sediments from tillage erosion eventually reach the lower floodplain area where they contribute to deposition. However, water erosion was observed in the model simulations to be the most important process on the catchment scale. This is the first time that tillage erosion has been explicitly included in a landscape evolution model at a millennial timescale and large catchment scale. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Linking hydrological, infinite slope stability and land-use change models through GIS for assessing the impact of deforestation on slope stability in high Andean watersheds   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Veerle Vanacker  Michiel Vanderschaeghe  Gerard Govers  Edith Willems  Jean Poesen  Jozef Deckers  Bert De Bievre 《Geomorphology》2003,52(3-4):299-315

In the Ecuadorian Andes, episodic slope movements comprising shallow rotational and translational slides and rapid flows of debris and soil material are common. Consequently, not only considerable financial costs are experienced, but also major ecological and environmental problems arise in a larger geographical area. Sediment production by slope movement on hillslopes directly affects sediment transport and deposition in downstream rivers and dams and morphological changes in the stream channels. In developing countries world-wide, slope movement hazards are growing: increasing population pressure and economic development force more people to move to potentially hazardous areas, which are less suitable for agriculture and rangelands.This paper describes the methods used to determine the controlling factors of slope failure and to build upon the results of the statistical analysis a process-based slope stability model, which includes a dynamic soil wetness index using a simple subsurface flow model. The model provides a time-varying estimate of slope movement susceptibility, by linking land-use data with spatially varying hydrologic (soil conductivity, evapotranspiration, soil wetness) and soil strength properties. The slope stability model was applied to a high Andean watershed (Gordeleg Catchment, 250 ha, southern Ecuadorian Andes) and was validated by calculating the association coefficients between the slope movement susceptibility map of 2000 and the spatial pattern of active slope movements, as measured in the field with GPS. The proposed methodology allows assessment of the effects of past and future land-use change on slope stability. A realistic deforestation scenario was presented: past land-use change includes a gradual fragmentation and clear cut of the secondary forests, as observed over the last four decades (1963–2000), future land-use change is simulated based on a binary logistic deforestation model, whereby it was assumed that future land-use change would continue at the same rate and style as over the last 37 years (1963–2000).  相似文献   

Linking jet emission and X-ray properties in the peculiar neutron star X-ray binary Circinus X-1     

Paolo Soleri  Valeriu Tudose  Rob Fender  Michiel van der Klis  Peter G. Jonker 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(1):453-464

We present the results of simultaneous X-ray and radio observations of the peculiar Z-type neutron star X-ray binary Cir X-1, observed with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer satellite and the Australia Telescope Compact Array in 2000 October and 2002 December. We identify typical Z-source behaviour in the power density spectra as well as characteristic Z patterns drawn in an X-ray hardness–intensity diagram. Power spectra typical of bright atoll sources have also been identified at orbital phases after the periastron passage, while orbital phases before the periastron passage are characterized by power spectra that are typical neither of Z nor of atoll sources. We investigate the coupling between the X-ray and the radio properties, focusing on three orbital phases when an enhancement of the radio flux density has been detected, to test the link between the inflow (X-ray) and the outflow (radio jet) to/from the compact object. In two out of three cases, we associate the presence of the radio jet to a spectral transition in the X-rays, although the transition does not precede the radio flare, as detected in other Z sources. An analogous behaviour has recently been found in the black hole candidate GX 339-4. In the third case, the radio light curve shows a similar shape to the X-ray light curve. We discuss our results in the context of jet models, considering also black hole candidates.  相似文献   

A 40-year accumulation dataset for Adelie Land, Antarctica and its application for model validation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cécile Agosta  Vincent Favier  Christophe Genthon  Hubert Gallée  Gerhard Krinner  Jan T. M. Lenaerts  Michiel R. van den Broeke 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(1-2):75-86

The GLACIOCLIM-SAMBA (GS) Antarctic accumulation monitoring network, which extends from the coast of Adelie Land to the Antarctic plateau, has been surveyed annually since 2004. The network includes a 156-km stake-line from the coast inland, along which accumulation shows high spatial and interannual variability with a mean value of 362?mm water equivalent a^?1. In this paper, this accumulation is compared with older accumulation reports from between 1971 and 1991. The mean and annual standard deviation and the km-scale spatial pattern of accumulation were seen to be very similar in the older and more recent data. The data did not reveal any significant accumulation trend over the last 40?years. The ECMWF analysis-based forecasts (ERA-40 and ERA-Interim), a stretched-grid global general circulation model (LMDZ4) and three regional circulation models (PMM5, MAR and RACMO2), all with high resolution over Antarctica (27–125?km), were tested against the GS reports. They qualitatively reproduced the meso-scale spatial pattern of the annual-mean accumulation except MAR. MAR significantly underestimated mean accumulation, while LMDZ4 and RACMO2 overestimated it. ERA-40 and the regional models that use ERA-40 as lateral boundary condition qualitatively reproduced the chronology of interannual variability but underestimated the magnitude of interannual variations. Two widely used climatologies for Antarctic accumulation agreed well with the mean GS data. The model-based climatology was also able to reproduce the observed spatial pattern. These data thus provide new stringent constraints on models and other large-scale evaluations of the Antarctic accumulation.  相似文献   

The Class 0 source Barnard 1c     

Brenda Matthews  Edwin Bergin  Antonio Crapsi  Michiel Hogerheijde  Jes Jørgensen  Dan Marrone  Ramprasand Rao 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2008,313(1-3):65-68

We present our most recent results from an ongoing study of the Class 0 source Barnard 1c in Perseus. This source is of particular interest because it exhibits evidence of strong alignment of grains all the way to the core’s centre, which is contrary to all other low-mass protostellar cores observed to date. Our goal is to clarify the source of poor alignment in other sources by identifying the source of strong alignment in B1c. A central cavity has been identified in N₂H⁺ emission; its anticorrelation with C¹⁸O emission suggests that heating in the centre has released CO from grain mantles, in turn destroying N₂H⁺. We present sensitivity-limited, high spatial resolution polarimetry data from the SubMillimeter Array and discuss the potential implications of these data.  相似文献   

Recent surface mass balance from Syowa Station to Dome F,East Antarctica: comparison of field observations,atmospheric reanalyses,and a regional atmospheric climate model     

Yetang Wang  Shugui Hou  Weijun Sun  Jan T. M. Lenaerts  Michiel R. van den Broeke  J. M. van Wessem 《Climate Dynamics》2015,45(9-10):2885-2899

  相似文献   

Ice Sheets and Sea Level: Thinking Outside the Box   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michiel R. Van den Broeke  Jonathan Bamber  Jan Lenaerts  Eric Rignot 《Surveys in Geophysics》2011,32(4-5):495-505

Until quite recently, the mass balance (MB) of the great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica was poorly known and often treated as a residual in the budget of oceanic mass and sea level change. Recent developments in regional climate modelling and remote sensing, especially altimetry, gravimetry and InSAR feature tracking, have enabled us to specifically resolve the ice sheet mass balance components at a near-annual timescale. The results reveal significant mass losses for both ice sheets, caused by the acceleration of marine-terminating glaciers in southeast, west and northwest Greenland and coastal West Antarctica, and increased run-off in Greenland. At the same time, the data show that interannual variability is very significant, masking the underlying trends.  相似文献