Russia has significant potential for reducing its carbon emissions. However, investment in new low-carbon technologies has significant risks. Ambiguous energy and climate policy in Russia, along with deterioration of the country's investment climate, create investment barriers that are well described in qualitative terms in the literature. This paper attempts to provide a quantitative analysis of these barriers. For this numerical experiment, we apply the RU-TIMES model. Using a real options methodology, we estimate the risk-adjusted cost of capital in the Russian energy sector (including energy production and consumption technologies represented in the TIMES framework) to be approximately 43% (including a risk-free interest rate) and demonstrate the high risk of investment into energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies. Any future low-carbon emissions pathway depends on the ability of the Russian government to reduce climate and energy policy uncertainties, and to reduce financial risks through improvements of the general investment climate.
Key policy insights
The high cost of capital investment into Russian energy production and consumption may prevent the adoption of new energy-efficient and low-carbon technologies.
These investment risks, if not addressed, will delay Russia's low-carbon transition for the coming decades.
Adopting a clear and unambiguous long-term climate and energy policy is important to reduce these risks and alleviate some of the barriers to the new technologies.
The first step could be ratification of the Paris Agreement and adoption of a long-term emission target for the period up to 2050.
Here we present new data from a systematic Sr, Nd, O, C isotope and geochemical study of kimberlites of Devonian age Mirny field that are located in the southernmost part of the Siberian diamondiferous province. Major and trace element compositions of the Mirny field kimberlites show a significant compositional variability both between pipes and within one diatreme. They are enriched in incompatible trace elements with La/Yb ratios in the range of (65–300). Initial Nd isotope ratios calculated back to the time of the Mirny field kimberlite emplacement (t = 360 ma) are depleted relative to the chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) model being 4 up to 6 ɛNd(t) units, suggesting an asthenospheric source for incompatible elements in kimberlites. Initial Sr isotope ratios are significantly variable, being in the range 0.70387–0.70845, indicating a complex source history and a strong influence of post-magmatic alteration. Four samples have almost identical initial Nd and Sr isotope compositions that are similar to the prevalent mantle (PREMA) reservoir. We propose that the source of the proto-kimberlite melt of the Mirny field kimberlites is the same as that for the majority of ocean island basalts (OIB). The source of the Mirny field kimberlites must possess three main features: It should be enriched with incompatible elements, be depleted in the major elements (Si, Al, Fe and Ti) and heavy rare earth elements (REE) and it should retain the asthenospheric Nd isotope composition. A two-stage model of kimberlite melt formation can fulfil those requirements. The intrusion of small bodies of this proto-kimberlite melt into lithospheric mantle forms a veined heterogeneously enriched source through fractional crystallization and metasomatism of adjacent peridotites. Re-melting of this source shortly after it was metasomatically enriched produced the kimberlite melt. The chemistry, mineralogy and diamond grade of each particular kimberlite are strongly dependent on the character of the heterogeneous source part from which they melted and ascended.
Early Miocene transpressional wrenching yielded a series of NW–SE-elongated pull-apart basins in the Dinarides of Croatia
and Bosnia and Herzegovina. They accommodated a huge lake system that gave rise to spectacular endemic mollusk radiation.
Lake Sinj, moderately sized at 342 km2, flooded the south-westernmost basin of this system. Due to the karstic environment, the hard-water, alkaline, long-lived
lake developed a sediment infill with an average thickness of 370 m, dominated by authigenic limestone. The studied section
represents the upper third of the basinal infill and provides detailed insights into the critical period of the lake and of
the basinal evolution during the final stages of its filling. It comprises two large-scale, shallowing-upward cycles, both
starting with fossil-poor limestones, gradually passing into coal-bearing carbonate rocks and coal seams. The fossil-poor
intervals are interpreted as phases of repetitive acidification events due to changing lake level, which induced periodic
drying and flooding of the uppermost littoral zone inhabited by starfruit (Damasonium) meadows. The flooding of the aerated, limy mud plain introduced H+ ions from organic-matter decay reactions into the shallow
lake. This decreased its pH level, with catastrophic consequences for its biota. The ecosystem then stabilized during the
orbitally-forced, dry climate phases. Based on the mollusk record, streams still influenced the marginal lake environment
and rich organic-matter production created swamps and mires. The onset of mollusk radiation in the section correlates with
stabilized lake alkalinity, as indicated by the disappearance of starfruits, ongoing authigenic carbonate production and by
coal seams representing textbook examples for coal formation in alkaline environments. The inferred basinal setting fits well
with the pull-apart basin model, pointing to the presence of an extended shallow ramp in front of a steep, fault-induced hillside
of the hinterland. 相似文献
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - A review of the results of planetary atmospheres studies performed by Russian scientists in 2015–2018 prepared in the Commission on planetary... 相似文献
The northernmost conifers in the world are located well above the Arctic Circle in the Taymir region of northern Siberia and have been recording the thermal environment for centuries to millennia. The trees respond to temperatures beyond the narrow season of actual cambial cell division by means of root growth, photosynthesis, lignification of cell walls, and other biochemical processes. Data from annual tree-ring widths are used to reconstruct May–September mean temperatures for the past four centuries. These warm-season temperatures correlate with annual temperatures and indicate unusual warming in the 20th century. However, there is a loss of thermal response in ring widths since about 1970. Previously the warmer temperatures induced wider rings. Most major warming and cooling trends are in agreement with other high-latitude temperature reconstructions based on tree-ring analyses with some regional differences in timing of cooling in the late 18th century and of warming in the late 19th century. 相似文献
In order to constrain the origin and fluxes of elements carried by rivers of high latitude permafrost-dominated areas, major and trace element concentrations as well as Sr and U isotopic ratios were analyzed in the dissolved load of two Siberian rivers (Kochechum and Nizhnyaya Tunguska) regularly sampled over two hydrological cycles (2005-2007). Large water volumes of both rivers were also collected in spring 2008 in order to perform size separation through dialysis experiments. This study was completed by spatial sampling of the Kochechum watershed carried out during summer and by a detailed analysis of the main hydrological compartments of a small watershed. From element concentration variations along the hydrological cycle, different periods can be marked out, matching hydrological periods. During winter baseflow period (October to May) there is a concentration increase for major soluble cations and anions by an order of magnitude. The spring flood period (end of May-beginning of June) is marked by a sharp concentration decrease for soluble elements whereas dissolved organic carbon and insoluble element concentrations strongly increase.When the spring flood discharge occurs, the significant increase of aluminum and iron concentrations is related to the presence of organo-mineral colloids that mobilize insoluble elements. The study of colloidal REE reveals the occurrence of two colloid sources successively involved over time: spring colloids mainly originate from the uppermost organic-rich part of soils whereas summer colloids rather come from the deep mineral horizons. Furthermore, U and Sr isotopic ratios together with soluble cation budgets in the Kochechum river impose for soluble elements the existence of three distinct fluxes over the year: (a) at the spring flood a surface flux coming from the leaching of shallow organic soil levels and containing a significant colloidal component (b) a subsurface flux predominant during summer and fall mainly controlled by water-rock interactions within mineral soils and (c) a deep groundwater flux predominant during winter which enters large rivers through unfrozen permafrost-paths. Detailed study of the Kochechum watershed suggests that the contribution of this deep flux strongly depends on the depth and continuous nature of the permafrost. 相似文献
正1 Introduction The salt lakes of the Crimea contain the practically inexhaustible sources of salts of sodium,magnesium,bromine and other chemical elements(Ponizovskii,1965),being the potential powerful raw materials base for the 相似文献
