Consequences of thrusting and intraplate stress fluctuations for vertical motions in foreland basins and peripheral areas   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tim Peper  Fred Beekman  Sierd Cloetingh 《Geophysical Journal International》1992,111(1):104-126

  相似文献   

Variability of bedload transport and channel morphology in a braided river hydraulic model     

Jeff Warburton  Tim Davies 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1994,19(5):403-421

This paper investigates variability in bedload transport and channel morphology for 11 replicate experimental runs in an approximately 1:50 braided river model. The experiments, each of 90 h duration, were carried out in a 20 × 3m tilting flume. All the experiments started with the same initial conditions. Bedload transport was measured at 5 min intervals in a collection drum at the exit from the flume. The model showed reasonable hydraulic similarity when compared to prototype rivers. Results show that mean bedload transport rates for the 11 runs vary in the range 0·98 to 1·49gs^?1 (mean + 1·21, coefficient of variation 11 per cent). Within-run transport rates commonly vary from close to zero, to two and occasionally three or four times the mean rate. Within the bedload series, several irregular phases of transport intensity can be observed, but time series analysis of the data show little underlying serial structure (an AR(2) autoregressive model is appropriate). Channel patterns are narrow/braided, are established quickly and remain relatively stable throughout the runs, although channel widths increase between 20 and 103 per cent over the 11 runs. Channel behaviour varies from aggradational to transitional between aggradation and degradation. Time-averaged bedload transport rate is weakly correlated with braiding intensity. In general, these results demonstrate that for a given set of controlling variables, bedload transport and channel morphology can be approximately replicated.  相似文献   

A Biota Associated with Matuyama-Age Sediments in West-Central Illinois     

Barry B. Miller  Russell W. Graham  Alan V. Morgan  Norton G. Miller  William D. McCoy  Donald F. Palmer  Alison J. Smith  J. J. Pilny 《Quaternary Research》1994,41(3)

A fossil assemblage containing molluscs, mammals, insects, ostracodes, and plants has been recovered from a silt-filled depression near Lima, in west-central Illinois. The reversed remanent magnetic signature of the sediments and the temporal ranges of two mammals, Microtus paroperarius and Lasiopodomys deceitensis, constrain the age of the assemblage to between 730,000 and 830,000 yr B.P. The extent of isoleucine epimerization in the molluscan shell is consistent with this age interpretation. The fauna includes at least 43 taxa of beetles from 11 families, 35 nominal species of molluscs, and two genera of ostracodes. The mammals include two shrews, three rodents, and a rabbit. The plant macrofossils (no pollen recovered) include 25 species of seed plants and four kinds of terrestrial or wetland mosses. Most of the plant species identified still occur in the upper Midwest, although a few of the taxa are found mainly to the north of the site. The fauna is characterized by an almost total absence of true aquatic taxa. The association of both boreal and thermophilous faunal and floral elements suggest that summer temperatures were not greatly different from present ones, but cooler, moist areas must have been available to support the boreal elements. Local conditions were probably similar to those now found in northeastern Iowa, where rains blocks, fissures, and joints in carbonate bedrock serve as traps for debris accumulations, provide shade, and are kept cool and moist during the hot summer months by cold-air drainage and groundwater seepage. Summer mean temperature in these microhabitats was probably between 18 and 20°C, similar to temperatures that now occur near the northern hardwood spruce-fir transition in the eastern United States.  相似文献   

Remote sensing of capelin and other biological features in the North Pacific using lidar and video technology     

Brown  Evelyn D.; Churnside  James H.; Collins  Richard L.; Veenstra  Tim; Wilson  James J.; Abnett  Kevin 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2002,59(5):1120-1130

  相似文献   

西南太平洋汤加岛弧的海底火山和高温热液喷发     

Peter stoffers  周立君 《海洋地质前沿》2007,23(2):22-23

西太平洋中大多数已知的高温热液喷发都出现在洋内弧后环境中,如劳海盆、北斐济海盆和马里亚纳海沟.在弧前的海底火山上已经发现了热液喷发和相应的矿床,其中许多火山还在排气,并有释放到海底的岩浆挥发物的证据,但是只在水深超过1 km的最深的塌陷火山口发现了黑烟喷口、典型深洋中脊和弧后扩张中心.本文描述了汤加岛弧浅海底火山上首次发现的高温热液喷发和大面积的硫化物-硫酸盐烟道.  相似文献   

Dealing with interests displaced by marine protected areas: A case study on the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Structural Adjustment Package     

Andrew Macintosh  Tim Bonyhady  Debra Wilkinson 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2010,53(9):581-588

  相似文献   

The effect of Ni on element partitioning during iron meteorite crystallization     

Nancy L. Chabot  Sarah A. Saslow  William F. McDonough  Timothy J. McCoy 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2007,42(10):1735-1750

Abstract— ‐Iron meteorites exhibit a large range in Ni concentrations, from only 4% to nearly 60%. Most previous experiments aimed at understanding the crystallization of iron meteorites have been conducted in systems with about 10% Ni or less. We performed solid metal/liquid metal experiments to determine the effect of Ni on partition coefficients for 20 trace elements pertinent to iron meteorites. Experiments were conducted in both the end‐member Ni‐S system as well as in the Fe‐Ni‐S system with intermediate Ni compositions applicable to high‐Ni iron meteorites. The Ni content of the system affects solid metal/liquid metal partitioning behavior. For a given S concentration, partition coefficients in the Ni‐S system can be over an order of magnitude larger than in the Fe‐S system. However, for compositions relevant to even the most Ni‐rich iron meteorites, the effect of Ni on partitioning behavior is minor, amounting to less than a factor of two for the majority of trace elements studied. Any effect of Ni also appears minor when it is compared to the large influence S has on element partitioning behavior. Thus, we conclude that in the presence of an evolving S‐bearing metallic melt, crystallization models can safely neglect effects from Ni when considering the full range of iron meteorite compositions.  相似文献   

Assessing the potential for CO2 adsorption in a subbituminous coal,Huntly Coalfield,New Zealand,using small angle scattering techniques     

Tennille E. Mares  Andrzej P. Radliński  Tim A. Moore  David Cookson  P. Thiyagarajan  Jan Ilavsky  Jürgen Klepp 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(1-2):54-68

Small angle scattering techniques (SAXS and SANS) have been used to investigate the microstructural properties of the subbituminous coals (R_max 0.42–0.45%) from the Huntly Coalfield, New Zealand. Samples were collected from the two thick (> 5 m) coal seams in the coalfield and have been analysed for methane and carbon dioxide sorption capacity, petrography, pore size distribution, specific surface area and porosity.Specific surface area (SSA) available for carbon dioxide adsorption, extrapolated to a probe size of 4 Å, ranged from 1.25 × 10⁶ cm^? 1 to 4.26 × 10⁶ cm^? 1 with total porosity varying from 16% to 25%. Porosity was found to be predominantly composed of microporosity, which contributed the majority of the available SSA. Although considerable variation was seen between samples, the results fit well with published rank trends.Gas holding capacity at the reservoir pressure (approximately 4 MPa) ranged from 2.63 to 4.18 m³/t for methane on a dry, ash-free basis (daf) and from 22.00 to 23.72 m³/t daf for carbon dioxide. The resulting ratio of CO₂:CH₄ ranged from 5.7 to 8.6, with an average of 6.7:1.Holding capacities for both methane and carbon dioxide on a dry ash free basis (daf) were found to be correlated with sample microporosity. However, holding capacities for the two gases on an as analysed (aa) basis (that is including mineral matter and moisture), showed no such correlation. Carbon dioxide (aa) does show a negative correlation with both specific surface area and microporosity. As the coals have low inorganic matter content, the reversal is thought to be related to moisture which is likely concentrated in the pore size range 12.5–125 Å. Methane holding capacity, both daf and aa, correlates with macroporosity, thus suggesting that the holding capacity of micropores is diminished by the presence of moisture in the pores.  相似文献   

Uncertainty of gas saturation estimates in a subbituminous coal seam     

Tennille E. Mares  Tim A. Moore  Catherine R. Moore 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):320-327

To assess the commercial viability of a coalbed methane prospect two of the key geological parameters measured are gas content (desorbed gas) and gas holding capacity (adsorption capacity). These two measures, together with reservoir pressure, give an estimate of the gas saturation of the reservoir. Typically gas saturation has been assessed by collecting one adsorption isotherm sample and assuming it is representative of the whole seam reservoir conditions. This study addresses that assumption.To understand the level of variation, and thus the inherent uncertainty in saturation, one core (Jasper-1) from the Huntly coalfield in New Zealand was analysed in detail. Ten samples (representing the whole coal seam) were placed into gas desorption canisters and desorbed for ten days and then analysed for adsorption capacity. Desorption analyses for total measured gas content (average in-situ basis) ranged from 2.32 to 2.89 m³/t (standard deviation (sd) = 0.18) and gas adsorptive capacity at 4 MPa (average in-situ basis) from 2.11 to 3.51 m³/t (sd = 0.38) resulting in saturations ranging from 66% to 120% (sd = 15).Determination of how many samples are required to make a realistic assessment of average reservoir properties requires a consideration of: (i) the level of accuracy desired, (ii) the limit of accuracy possible, which is governed by the magnitude of experimental error, and (iii) the innate variability of the seam. It was found that a minimum of five samples each for adsorption and desorption were required in order to significantly decrease the uncertainty in gas saturation estimates for a subbituminous coal.  相似文献   

Influence of HCl/HF treatment on organic matter in aquifer sediments: A Rock-Eval pyrolysis study     

Tim J. Tambach  Harry Veld  Jasper Griffioen 《Applied Geochemistry》2009,24(11):2144-2151

Rock–Eval pyrolysis is increasingly used for the routine characterization of natural organic matter in soils and sediments. In this work the bulk composition of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) in sandy aquifer sediments is studied, as well as purified samples (isolation of SOM) by HCl/HF treatment. This treatment is necessary to avoid detection limit problems for samples with low SOM contents, but the results presented here indicate that this treatment influences the organic geochemistry of the aquifer sediment samples. The FID and CO₂/CO pyrograms show a shift of 10–40 °C of the major peak to a lower temperature. Organic matter alteration or removal of components containing O-bearing groups may explain this. It is also suggested that destruction of the mineral matrix may lead to the reduced retention of the material. For the change of the CO₂/CO pyrograms of the RC fraction only organic matter alteration seems to be likely. Concentrated organic matter samples may also accelerate the release of exothermic energy and influence the pyrograms. Results indicate that the organic matter concentration in the sample influences the measured total organic matter (TOM) content and the T_max of the FID pyrogram, while the sample loading (absolute organic matter amount) up to 80 mg in the Rock–Eval apparatus does not. The FID pyrograms can be deconvoluted into four subpeaks, which allows comparison of samples at various depths. Rock–Eval pyrolysis may only be routinely applied to characterize SOM in aquifer sediments when such systematic and analytical phenomena are taken into account.  相似文献