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101.
The observed long-term trends in extreme temperatures in Hong Kong were studied based on the meteorological data recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters from 1885-2008. Results show that, over the past 124 years, the extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as the length of the warm spell in Hong Kong, exhibit statistically significant long-term rising trends, while the length of the cold spell shows a statistically significant decreasing trend. The time-dependent return period analysis also indicated that the return period for daily minimum temperature at 4°C or lower lengthened considerably from 6 years in 1900 to over 150 years in 2000, while the return periods for daily maximum temperature reaching 35°C or above shortened drastically from 32 years in 1900 to 4.5 years in 2000. Past trends in extreme temperatures from selected weather stations in southern China from 1951-2004 were also assessed. Over 70% of the stations studied yielded a statistically significant rising trend in extreme daily minimum temperature, while the trend for extreme maximum temperatures was found to vary, with no significant trend established for the majority of stations. 相似文献
102.
The coastal area of southern China is frequently affected by marine meteorological disasters,and is also one of the key areas that influence the short-term climate change of China.Due to a lack of observational facilities and techniques,little has been done in this area in terms of operational weather monitoring and scientific research on atmospheric and marine environment.With the support of China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and Guangdong Meteorological Bureau (GMB),the Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base (MMSEB) at Bohe,Maoming has been jointly established by Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology (GITMM) and Maoming Meteorological Bureau (MMB) of Guangdong Province after three years of hard work.It has become an integrated coastal observation base that is equipped with a complete set of sophisticated instruments.Equipment maintenance and data quality control procedures have been implemented to ensure the long-term,steady operation of the instruments and the availability of high quality data.Preliminary observations show that the data obtained by the MMSEB reveal many interesting features in the boundary layer structure and air-sea interaction in such disastrous weather as typhoons and sea fog.The MMSEB is expected to play an important role in the scientific research of disastrous weather related to marine meteorology. 相似文献
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105.
An atmosphere-only model system for making seasonal prediction and projecting future intensities of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) along the South China coast is upgraded by including ocean and wave models. A total of 642 TCs have been re-simulated using the new system to produce a climatology of TC intensity in the South China Sea. Detailed comparisons of the simulations from the atmosphere-only and the fully coupled systems reveal that the inclusion of the additional ocean and wave models enable differential sea surface temperature responses to various TC characteristics such as translational speed and size. In particular, interaction with the ocean does not necessarily imply a weakening of the TC, with the coastal bathymetry possibly playing a role in causing a near-shore intensification of the TC. These results suggest that to simulate the evolution of TC structure more accurately, it is essential to use an air-sea coupled model instead of an atmosphere-only model. 相似文献
106.
Climatologically, among all ocean basins, the western North Pacific (WNP) has the largest annual number of tropical cyclones (TCs) of around 26 while the Atlantic has around 13, yielding a difference of 13. However, the difference is –7 in 2020, with 30 TCs in the Atlantic and 23 in the WNP, which is the most negative difference within the last 46 years. In fact, during the last 26 years, the difference in TC number is below 10 in ten years, with four years being negative. Such a decreasing difference in TC number can be attributed to the natural multidecadal variation of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, as well as other external forcings such as anthropogenic aerosol forcing and increased greenhouse gases, with the additional impact from the La Ni?a condition. This result has significant implications on climate model projections of future TC activity in the two ocean basins. 相似文献
107.
Jie HE Xulin MA Xuyang GE Juanjuan LIU Wei CHENG Man-Yau CHAN Ziniu XIAO 《大气科学进展》2021,38(9):1510-1524
The existence of outliers can seriously influence the analysis of variational data assimilation. Quality control allows us to effectively eliminate or absorb these outliers to produce better analysis fields. In particular, variational quality control(VarQC) can process gray zone outliers and is thus broadly used in variational data assimilation systems. In this study,governing equations are derived for two VarQC algorithms that utilize different contaminated Gaussian distributions(CGDs): Gaussian plus flat distribution and Huber norm distribution. As such, these VarQC algorithms can handle outliers that have non-Gaussian innovations. Then, these VarQC algorithms are implemented in the Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System(GRAPES) model-level three-dimensional variational data assimilation(m3 DVAR) system. Tests using artificial observations indicate that the VarQC method using the Huber distribution has stronger robustness for including outliers to improve posterior analysis than the VarQC method using the Gaussian plus flat distribution. Furthermore,real observation experiments show that the distribution of observation analysis weights conform well with theory,indicating that the application of VarQC is effective in the GRAPES m3 DVAR system. Subsequent case study and longperiod data assimilation experiments show that the spatial distribution and amplitude of the observation analysis weights are related to the analysis increments of the mass field(geopotential height and temperature). Compared to the control experiment, VarQC experiments have noticeably better posterior mass fields. Finally, the VarQC method using the Huber distribution is superior to the VarQC method using the Gaussian plus flat distribution, especially at the middle and lower levels. 相似文献
108.
覆盖区找矿难度不仅与覆盖层厚度有关,还与覆盖层物性、水文地质条件以及矿体特征关系密切。覆盖区找矿突破是一个系统过程,需要经历选区—圈靶—定位—验证评价4个阶段,存在勘查选区、地质信息探测和多学科有效融合难题。前人较少研究覆盖区找矿突破过程与勘查技术体系,笔者等基于“现有技术+结合实际创新”思路,总结提出了厚覆盖区找矿“循环渐近式勘查技术体系”,在实际应用中,能够提高找矿成功率,入选自然资源部《矿产资源节约和综合利用先进适用技术目录(2019年版)》。 相似文献
109.
The present study investigates the influence of South China Sea (SCS) SST
and ENSO on winter (January--February--March; JFM) rainfall over South China
and its dynamic processes by using station observations for the period
1951--2003, Met Office Hadley Center SST data for the period 1900--2008, and
ERA-40 reanalysis data for the period 1958--2002. It is found that JFM
rainfall over South China has a significant correlation with Nino-3 and
SCS SST. Analyses show that in El Nino or positive SCS SST anomaly
years, southwesterly anomalies at 700 hPa dominate over the South China Sea,
which in turn transports more moisture into South China and favors increased
rainfall. A partial regression analysis indicates that the independent ENSO
influence on winter rainfall occurs mainly over South China,
whereas SCS SST has a larger independent influence on winter rainfall in
northern part of South China. The temperature over South China shows an obvious decrease at
300 hPa and an increase near the surface, with the former induced by
Nino-3 and the latter SCS SST anomalies. This enhances the convective
instability and weakens the potential vorticity (PV), which explains the
strengthening of ascending motion and the increase of JFM rainfall over
South China. 相似文献
110.
The South China Sea is a hotspot for regional climate research. Over the past 40 years, considerable im provement has been made in the development and utilization of the islands in the South China Sea, leading to a substantialchange in the land-use of the islands. However, research on the impact of human development on the local climate of theseislands is lacking. This study analyzed the characteristics of local climate changes on the islands in the South China Seabased on data from the Yongxing Island Observation Station and ERA5 re-analysis. Furthermore, the influence of urba nization on the local climate of the South China Sea islands was explored in this study. The findings revealed that the 10-year average temperature in Yongxing Island increased by approximately 1.11 °C from 1961 to 2020, and the contributionof island development and urbanization to the local warming rate over 60 years was approximately 36.2%. The linearincreasing trend of the annual hot days from 1961–2020 was approximately 14.84 days per decade. The diurnal tem perature range exhibited an increasing trend of 0.05 °C per decade, whereas the number of cold days decreased by 1.06days per decade. The rapid increase in construction on Yongxing Island from 2005 to 2021 led to a decrease in observedsurface wind speed by 0.32 m s –1 per decade. Consequently, the number of days with strong winds decreased, whereas thenumber of days with weak winds increased. Additionally, relative humidity exhibited a rapid decline from 2001 to 2016and then rebounded. The study also found substantial differences between the ERA5 re-analysis and observation data,particularly in wind speed and relative humidity, indicating that the use of re-analysis data for climate resource assessmentand climate change evaluation on island areas may not be feasible. 相似文献