全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1170篇 |
免费 | 66篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 11篇 |
大气科学 | 105篇 |
地球物理 | 271篇 |
地质学 | 494篇 |
海洋学 | 125篇 |
天文学 | 128篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
自然地理 | 105篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 22篇 |
2020年 | 25篇 |
2019年 | 23篇 |
2018年 | 28篇 |
2017年 | 39篇 |
2016年 | 53篇 |
2015年 | 54篇 |
2014年 | 40篇 |
2013年 | 78篇 |
2012年 | 62篇 |
2011年 | 81篇 |
2010年 | 58篇 |
2009年 | 65篇 |
2008年 | 63篇 |
2007年 | 71篇 |
2006年 | 56篇 |
2005年 | 55篇 |
2004年 | 28篇 |
2003年 | 32篇 |
2002年 | 35篇 |
2001年 | 22篇 |
2000年 | 24篇 |
1999年 | 21篇 |
1998年 | 12篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 13篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 13篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1240条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Thomas E. Young Harry W. Green II Anne M. Hofmeister David Walker 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1993,19(6):409-422
Wadsleyite (β-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4) is a major constituent of the Earth's transition zone and is known to accommodate OH. The portion of the transition zone between 400–550 km could be an important source or sink for hydroxyl in plumes and slabs intersecting this region. Micro-infrared spectroscopy has been carried out on the β-phase and coexisting metastable olivine synthesized in a multianvil apparatus at 14 GPa and 1550–1650 K under hydrous conditions. Single-crystal and polycrystal specimens of both phases were analyzed in the 1800–8500 cm?1 frequency region to determine the speciation, abundances, and partitioning behavior of the hydrous components in coexisting β-phase and olivine. β-phase spectra consistently show three distinct OH bands at 3329, 3580, and 3615 cm?1. OH concentrations range from 10000–65000 H/106 Si. A strong positive correlation of grain size and extent of transformation with OH concentration in the β-phase indicates that grain-growth and transformation rates are enhanced in a hydrous environment. Olivine spectra are variable, but consistently show a prominent broad-band absorbance representing molecular H2O, consistent with the infrared signature of the starting material. OH concentrations in olivine range from <300–1400 H/106 Si. The highest OH concentrations measured for olivine and the β-phase may represent solubility limits, in which case the OH solubility ratio between these two phases is approximately 1∶40. Where both phases coexist and are undersaturated with OH, the partitioning ratio of OH between them is about 1∶100. The large solubility contrast between olivine and the β-phase suggests a mechanism for hydrating the transition zone via olivine carried down in subducting slabs. Plumes impinging on an OH-rich upper transition region could cause H2 or H2O to be released upon transformation of the β-phase to olivine, resulting in initiation of secondary upwellings. If dissolution of OH weakens the β-phase, and if OH is present in the mantle, the region between 400–550 km could be a zone of low viscosity. 相似文献
92.
93.
94.
Volcanic hazards from Pico de Orizaba volcano are presented here tor the first time. Some 1.3 million people live within the hazard zone, which in the most severe case would encompass the Mexican Gulf coast, east of the volcano. Three major cities located in the eastern part of the hazard zone account for 800 000 of this population and about 200 000 people live within a 20 km radius of the volcano. Probability calculations are presented as an attempt to quantify the hazards in the surroundings of the volcano. Such quantification can be of use in planning for future land use within the hazard zones.A zone of about 10 km radius centred on the top crater is a high hazard zone for gravity-driven flows and fallout ejecta. For large volume eruptions, the radius could be extended to 120 km to the east and 60 km to the west. The asymmetrical distribution is related to the topography of the volcano. Hazards from Pyroclastic-fall deposits are principally to the west of the volcano, since easterly winds are dominant in the area lava-flow hazards are greatest within a 10 km radius from the summit crater. Pyroclastic flow hazards are high up to 20 km from the volcano summit.In the case of reactivation of the volcano, melting of a glacier covering the summit of Pico de Orizaba having a volume equivalent to some 45 × 109 litres of water, would produce lahars which would descend the flanks of the volcano. 相似文献
95.
96.
Larry W. Finger Robert M. Hazen Anne M. Hofmeister 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1986,13(4):215-220
High-pressure crystal structures and compressibilities have been determined by x-ray methods for MgAl2O4 spinel and its isomorph magnetite, Fe3O4. The measured bulk moduli, K, of spinel and magnetite (assuming K′=4) are 1.94±0.06 and 1.86±0.05 Mbar, respectively, in accord with previous ultrasonic determinations. The oxygen u parameter, the only variable atomic position coordinate in the spinel structure (Fd3m, Z=8), decreases with pressure in MgAl2O4, thus indicating that the magnesium tetrahedron is more compressible than the aluminum octahedron. In magnetite the u parameter is unchanged, and both tetrahedron and octahedron display the 1.9 Mbar bulk modulus characteristic of the entire crystal. This behavior contrasts with that of nickel silicate spinel (γ-Ni2SiO4), in which the u parameter increases with pressure because the silicon tetrahedron is relatively incompressible compared to the nickel octahedron. 相似文献
97.
Marie Sherwood 《Environmental Geology》1986,9(1):11-14
Agricultural activity is estimated to be responsible for only 6% (8 km) of the total length (135 km) of seriously polluted
river channel, but for over 30% (294 km) of the slightly or moderately polluted length (963 km) of channel recorded to date
in the state. This article examines the present sources and causes of pollution from agricultural wastes, and speculates on
the likely direction of future trends.
The most common sources of surface water pollution are animal manures, silage effluent, runoff from land following spreading,
and fertilizers. 相似文献
98.
Double-packer injection tests have been carried out in a borehole in the Chalk of Hampshire and a borehole in the Permian Penrith Sandstone of Cumbria, England. The tests have been supplemented by borehole logging and television inspections and by laboratory measurements on cores. A new mathematical treatment has enabled results to be calculated for injection test intervals containing fissures. In both formations, transmissivity immediately around the borehole is dominated by a few major fissures. In the Penrith Sandstone there is good agreement between intergranular hydraulic conductivity measurements and packer-test results in the portions of the borehole which do not contain major fissures. In the Chalk, the packer-test values are always higher than the intergranular measurements, suggesting that some degree of fissuring is present throughout. 相似文献
99.
One of the major problems in the lower Jordan Valley is the increasing salinization (i.e., chloride content) of local ground water. The high levels of salinity limit the utilization of ground water for both domestic and agriculture applications. This joint collaborative study evaluates the sources and mechanisms for salinization in the Jericho area. We employ diagnostic geochemical fingerprinting methods to trace the potential sources of the salinity in (1) the deep confined subaquifer system (K2) of Lower Cenomanian age; (2) the upper subaquifer system (K1) of Upper Cenomanian and Turonian ages; and (3) the shallow aquifer system (Q) of Plio-Pleistocene ages. The chemical composition of the saline ground water from the two Cenomanian subaquifers (K1 and K2) point to a single saline source with Na/Cl approximately 0.5 and Br/Cl approximately 7 x 10(-3). This composition is similar to that of thermal hypersaline spring that are found along the western shore of the Dead Sea (e.g., En Gedi thermal spring). We suggest that the increasing salinity in both K1 and K2 subaquifers is derived from mixing with deep-seated brines that flow through the Rift fault system. The salinization rate depends on the discharge volume of the fresh meteoric water in the Cenomanian Aquifer. In contrast, the chemical composition of ground water from the Plio-Pleistocene Aquifer shows a wide range of Cl- (100-2000 mg/L), Na/Cl (0.4-1.0), Br/Cl (2-6 x 10(-3)), and SO4/Cl (0.01-0.4) ratios. These variations, together with the high SO4(2-), K+, and NO3- concentrations, suggest that the salinity in the shallow aquifer is derived from the combination of (1) upconing of deep brines as reflected by low Na/Cl and high Br/Cl ratios; (2) leaching of salts from the Lisan Formation within the Plio-Pleistocene Aquifer, as suggested by the high SO4(2-) concentrations; and (3) anthropogenic contamination of agriculture return flow and sewage effluents with distinctive high K+ (80 mg/L) and NO3- (80 mg/l) contents and low Br/Cl ratios (2 x 10(-3)). Our data demonstrates that the chemical composition of salinized ground water can be used to delineate the sources of salinity and hence to establish the conceptual model for explaining salinization processes. 相似文献
100.
Lauren Patterson Marie Urban Aaron Myers Budhendra Bhaduri Eddie Bright Phillip Coleman 《GeoJournal》2007,69(1-2):93-102
Geospatial technologies and digital data have developed and disseminated rapidly in conjunction with increasing computing
efficiency and Internet availability. The ability to store and transmit large datasets has encouraged the development of national
infrastructure datasets in geospatial formats. National datasets are used by numerous agencies for analysis and modeling purposes
because these datasets are standardized and considered to be of acceptable accuracy for national scale applications. At Oak
Ridge National Laboratory a population model has been developed that incorporates national schools data as one of the model
inputs. This paper evaluates spatial and attribute inaccuracies present within two national school datasets, Tele Atlas North
America and National Center of Education Statistics (NCES).
Schools are an important component of the population model, because they are spatially dense clusters of vulnerable populations.
It is therefore essential to validate the quality of school input data. Schools were also chosen since a validated schools
dataset was produced in geospatial format for Philadelphia County; thereby enabling a comparison between a local dataset and
the national datasets.
Analyses found the national datasets are not standardized and incomplete, containing 76 to 90 percent of existing schools.
The temporal accuracy of updating annual enrollment values resulted in 89 percent inaccuracy for 2003. Spatial rectification
was required for 87 percent of NCES points, of which 58 percent of the errors were attributed to the geocoding process. Lastly,
it was found that by combining the two national datasets, the resultant dataset provided a more useful and accurate solution. 相似文献