用间接浓度法测量干沉积通量   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

袁撰英 《大气科学》1986,10(4):357-370

本文描述了用以测量干沉积通量的间接浓度法,推导并验证了估算沉积速度的阻力模式,评价了间接浓度法测量二氧化硫(SO_2)和臭氧(O_3)干沉积通量的误差. 结果表明,阻力模式能较准确地估算周平均沉积速度.用间接浓度法推算的O_3的周平均干沉积通量的份数误差为0.26,若配以日夜分离或稳定度分类采样,则误差将降至0.05;SO_2的份数误差只有0.15,但上述采样方法却不能减小其份数误差. 此外,O_3和SO_2的日间通量分别比其夜间通量大10倍和3倍.SO_2和O_3的沉积速度均有强烈的日周期变化,然而SO_2的日周期中,间有因地湿而畸变的现象.O_3浓度亦有一明显的日周期,且与它的沉积速度的日周期存在三小时的相位差.SO_2浓度则无明显日周期变化.  相似文献   

Slab weakening: Mechanical and thermal-mechanical consequences for slab detachment     

Shoichi  Yoshioka David A.  Yuen Tine B.  Larsen 《Island Arc》1995,4(2):89-103

Abstract Slab detachment is a geophysical instability whose manifestation can be revealed by seismic tomography. Evidence of this phenomenon is in the Dinarides/Hellenic and the New Hebrides subduction zones. Subducted slabs in these regions are torn horizontally at depths ranging from 100 to 300 km. We constructed a viscoelastic three-dimensional finite element model and investigated the state of stress. We found that an area with high stress concentration of the order of several hundred MPa is formed near the tip of the tear inside the slab, which can cause lateral migration of the tear. Favorable conditions for slab detachment are characterized by large interplate frictional force at a subduction zone and small slab resistance force deeper down. Stress concentration increases with the down-dip tension inside the slab. The phenomenon of slab weakening has also been studied from a thermal-mechanical standpoint, using a two-dimensional convection model with non-Newtonian, temperature-dependent rheology. The stress-dependent rheology plays an important role in causing local weakening of the descending slab. In strongly time-dependent situations the fast descending slab is not strong everywhere but has a weak region in the middle, making it vulnerable to slab detachment. The presence of viscous heating will enhance slab detachment tendency by further weakening the interior by the frictional heating. Besides these effects, there are other mechanisms which can also weaken the slab interior and help to make slabs more pliable and susceptible to detachment.  相似文献   

Contesting the political     

Dave Featherstone 《Area》2007,39(1):131-132

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A Framework and Software Tool to Support Collaborative Landscape Analysis: Fitting Square Pegs into Square Holes   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Andrew Fall  Dave Daust  & Don G. Morgan 《Transactions in GIS》2001,5(1):67-86

For landscape models to be applied successfully in management situations, models must address appropriate questions, include relevant processes and interactions, be perceived as credible and involve people affected by decisions. We propose a framework for collaborative model building that can address these issues, and has its roots in adaptive management, computer‐supported collaborative work and landscape ecology. Models built through this framework integrate a variety of information sources, address relevant questions, and are customized for the particular landscape and policy environment under study. Participants are involved in the process from the start, and because their input is incorporated, they feel ownership of the resulting models, increasing the chance of model acceptance and application. There are two requirements for success: a tool that supports rapid model prototyping and modification, that makes a clear link between a conceptual and implemented model, and that has the ability to implement a wide range of model types; and a core team with skills in communication, research and analysis, and knowledge of ecology and forestry in addition to modelling. SELES (Spatially Explicit Landscape Event Simulator) is a tool for building and running models of landscape dynamics. It combines discrete event simulation with a spatial database and a relatively simple modelling language to allow rapid development of landscape simulations, and provides a high‐level means of specifying complex model behaviours ranging from management actions to natural disturbance and succession. We have applied our framework in several forest modelling projects in British Columbia, Canada. We have found that this framework increases the interest by local experts and decision‐makers to participate actively in the model building process. The workshop process and resulting models have efficiently provided insight into the dynamics of large landscapes over long time frames. The use of SELES has facilitated this process by providing a flexible, transparent environment in which models can be rapidly implemented and refined. As a result, model findings may be more readily incorporated into decision‐support systems designed to assist resource managers in making informed decisions.  相似文献   

Interactive Web-Based Map: Applications to Large Data Sets in the Geosciences     

Zachary A. Garbow  Nicholas R. Olson  David A. Yuen  John M. Boggs 《Visual Geosciences》2001,6(3):1-14

Current advances in computer hardware, information technology and data collection techniques have produced very large data sets in a wide variety of scientific and engineering disciplines. We must harness this opportunity to visualize and extract useful information from geophysical and geological data. We have taken the task of data mining by implementing a map-like approach over a web server for interrogating the data, using a client-server paradigm. The spatial-data is mapped onto a two-dimensional grid from which the user (client) can quiz the data with the map-interface as a user extension. The data is stored on the server, while the computational gateway separating the client and the server can be the front-end of an electronic publication, electronic classroom, a survey, or an e-business. We have used a combination of Java, Java3D, and Perl for processing the data and communicating between the client and the server. The user can interrogate the geospatial data over any particular region with arbitrary dimensions and then receive back relevant statistical analysis, such as the histogram plots and local statistics. We have applied this method for the following data sets: (1.) distribution of prime numbers (2.) two-dimensional mantle convection (3.) three-dimensional mantle convection (4.) high-resolution satellite reflectance data over multiple wavelengths (5.) molecular dynamics describing the flow of blood in narrow vessels. Using the map-interface, one can actually interrogate this data over the Internet.  相似文献   

The frequency response of the horizontal magnetic field for a conductive channel     

Dave Hebert 《Geophysical Journal International》1983,73(2):577-580

Summary. Babour & Mosnier's results showing no frequency dependence between the anomalous horizontal magnetic field above a conductor and the difference between the horizontal magnetic fields above and below the conductor over a wide range of frequencies led them to conclude that this effect is due to current channelling. A two-dimensional numerical model of a conductive channel, with a uniform horizontal source field, shows the same effect over a wide range of frequencies. Thus local induction can show the same effect.  相似文献   

Shear deformation zones along major transform faults and subducting slabs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. A. Yuen  L. Fleitout  G. Schubert  C. Froidevaux 《Geophysical Journal International》1978,54(1):93-119

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An Approach to a Visual Language for Convective Fluid Flows: Visualization of Geophysical Simulations     

R. Zia  D. A. Yuen  T. A. Cortese  A. P. Vincent  S. Balachandar 《Visual Geosciences》1998,3(1):1-19

It was known that deep within numbers and binary data from simulations of geophysical convective flows resided various patterns. Two models of convective fluid flows were being considered. One was a model of two-dimensional (768 × 256) air convection with finite Prandtl number of one and Rayleigh number of 10⁸−10¹⁰, and another was a model of three-dimensional (up to 120 × 120 × 90) mantle convection with infinite Prandtl number and Rayleigh number of 10⁶−10⁸. Clearly, phenomena existed which superceded each individual dimensionless computer model to provide a piece of information regarding actual fluid flows. The problem was how to find, prove, and communicate these patterns and phenomena for convection simulations with gigabytes of data. In a search for such an analytical and communicative tool, the alternative of visualization was considered. The need for visualization was recognized and discussed. Then, utilizing both two- and three-dimensional models of high Rayleigh number convection, basic techniques of style and content were developed. Applications of the visualization techniques were designed utilizing IBM’s Data Explorer in order to create communicative images and movies, and after the applications, the problems of data storage and transfer became apparent. Throughout the process though, it became clear how important the language of vision actually could be in the geophysics community. In a field in which words such as plumes and internal waves have in ways replaced mathematics as the basic language for science, there is a need for another resource, another language-the visualization of convective fluid flows.  相似文献   

REPLY TO the preceding discussion by S. N. Davis of "Hydrogeology Is More Than a Classical Science," by D. Stephenson, May-June 1974 issue, pp. 148-151     

Dave Stephenson 《Ground water》1974,12(5):319-319

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The stellar mass content of distant galaxy groups     

Michael L. Balogh  Dave Wilman  Robert D. E. Henderson  Richard G. Bower  David Gilbank  Richard Whitaker  Simon L. Morris  George Hau  J. S. Mulchaey  A. Oemler  Jr    R. G. Carlberg 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,374(3):1169-1180

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