Über den Strahlungshaushalt der Ozeane auf der Nordhalbkugel     

F. Sauberer  Inge Dirmhirn 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1954,6(1-2):113-127

Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung vorliegender Ergbbnisse von Strahlungsmessungen und kartenmäßiger Darstellungen über Lufttemperatur, Psychrometerdifferenz, Wassertemperatur und Bewölkung wurde eine Abschätzung der Strahlungsbilanz der Ozeane der Nordhalbkugel vorgenommen. Hierbei wurde schrittweise aus Sonnen- und Himmelsstrahlung unter Berücksichtigung der Reflexion und Bewölkung die kurzwellige Strahlungsbilanz und aus der Ausstrahlung und der in einfacher Weise berechneten Gegenstrahlung die langwellige Bilanz gebildet, worauf aus beiden die Gesamtstrahlungsbilanz hergeleitet wurde. Die Karten der Verteilung der Strahlungsbilanz über die Ozeane zeigen, daß im Winter der Einfluß der geographischen Breite vorherrscht, im Sommer hingegen die Bewölkungsverhältnisse bestimmend sind. Im Westen der nördlichen Teile beider Ozeane spiegeln sich die stark abweichenden Wassertemperaturen in der Strahlungsbilanz wider.Ein Vergleich mit den vonAlbrecht für einige Punkte berechneten Strahlungsbilanzen ergibt in unserem Fall meist um 80 bis 120 cal/cm² pro Tag höhere positive Bilanzwerte.

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Summary On the basis of available results of radiation measurements and maps of air temperature, psychrometer difference, water temperature, and cloudiness, the radiation balance of the oceans of the northern hemisphere is estimated. The short-wave radiation balance is gradually determined from solar and sky radiation with due consideration of reflection and cloudiness, whereas the long-wave balance is deduced from outgoing terrestrial radiation and atmospheric radiation, the latter one calculated by a simple method; from both is then derived the total radiation balance. Maps of the distribution of radiation balance over the oceans show the predominant influence of the geographical latitude in winter, whereas conditions of cloudiness are the determining factor in summer. In the west of the northern parts of both oceans the strongly divergent water temperatures become manifest in the radiation balance. A comparison shows that the obtained radiation balances exceed, in most cases, by 80 to 120 cal/cm² per day those calculated for certain points byAlbrecht.

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Résumé Le présent travail représente un essai d'estimation du bilan de rayonnement des océans de l'hémisphère nord sur la base des données disponibles de rayonnement et de cartes de températures, des différences psychrométriques, de la température de l'eau et de la nébulosité. On a établi par approximations successives d'une part le bilan du rayonnement à courte longueur d'onde à l'aide du rayonnement solaire et céleste en tenant compte de la réflexion et de la nébulosité, d'autre part celui du rayonnement à longue longueur d'onde à l'aide des rayonnements terrestre et atmosphérique; les deux conduisent au bilan total. Les cartes représentant la distribution du bilan de rayonnement sur les océans montrent qu'en hiver l'influence de la latitude est prépondérante tandis qu'en été celle de la nébulosité l'emporte. A l'ouest des parties nord des deux océans les anomalies de température de l'eau se répercutent dans le bilan de rayonnement.Une comparaison des résultats obtenus met en évidence un excès de 80 à 120 cal/cm² par jour par rapport aux valeurs du bilan de rayonnement calculées parAlbrecht pour quelques points particuliers.

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Mit 3 Textabbildungen.  相似文献   

Spectral ultraviolet radiation instrument and preliminary measurements in Mountainous terrain     

Inge Dirmhirn  C. R. Sreedharan  G. Venugopal 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1993,46(4):219-228

Summary Measurements of spectral ultraviolet irradiance require spectroradiometers with high resolution and stability, and well known behavior of the instrument. A UV-spectrophotometer is described and methods of calibrations are shown. A set of measurements in the Utah Rocky Mountains (Snowbird-Hidden Peak, in 3300 m elevation) compared to those at the Wasatch Front (Logan, 1400 m) is discussed. Several sets of measurements are used to show the effect of solar zenith angle, elevation and cloudcover on direct solar and diffuse irradiance.At the time of the instrument design and measurements all were at Utah State University, Department of Soil Science and Biometeorology, Logan, Utah.With 11 Figures  相似文献   

Signature of the last shelf-centered glaciation at a key section in the Pechora basin,Arctic Russia     

Jan Tveranger  Valery Astakhov  Jan Mangerud  John Inge Svendsen 《第四纪科学杂志》1998,13(3):189-203

The Vastiansky Kon' is the largest exposure of Quaternary deposits in the Pechora lowland, northern Russia. Morphologically the site belongs to the so-called Markhida Moraine; a complex, east–west trending zone of ice-marginal landforms deposited by the Kara Sea Ice Sheet during the last glaciation. The site exhibits a succession of sediments more than 100 m thick that, according to previous studies, covers the interval from the end of the Elsterian to the beginning of the Holocene. Unfortunately both the strong glaciotectonic deformation of the sedimentary succession and few absolute dates have made the chronological interpretation of the section difficult. The present paper reviews previous studies of the site published in Russian, and presents the results of a reinvestigation focusing on the post-Eemian stratigraphy. A marine Eemian clay more than 8 m thick is overlain erosionally by 20 m of fluvial deposits of Late Eemain or Early Weichselian age. The fluvial succession is overlain by a till and a marine clay, which, according to one interpretation, may represent an Early or Middle Weichselian advance of the Kara Ice Sheet followed by a transgression. The clay shows a transition into 15 m of estuarine and fluvial sediments overlain by more than 12 m of tundra–floodplain deposits. The whole succession has been upthrusted glaciotectonically by the last ice advance, which deposited a more than 12 m thick till on top of the section. Based on a number of subtill radiocarbon age-estimates from the site, in the range 25–32 ka BP, the youngest ice advance is considered to be of late Weichselian age, although a Middle Weichselian age cannot be excluded. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The dynamic cusp aurora on 30 November 1997: response to southward turning of the IMF     

P. E. Sandholt  C. J. Farrugia  B. Lybekk 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(9):1155-1165

We document the detailed dynamics of the dayside aurora in the ≈1200–1600 MLT sector in response to a sharp southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) under negative IMF B_y conditions. Features not documented in previous work are elucidated by using two meridan scanning photometers (separated by 2 h) and an all-sky auroral imager in Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (75.5^MLAT) in combination with magnetograms from stations on Svalbard, covering the latitude range 71^–75^MLAT. The initial auroral response may be divided into three phases consisting of: (1) intensification of both the red (630.0 nm) and green (557.7 nm) line emissions in the cusp aurora near 1200 MLT and ≈100 km equatorward shift of its equatorward boundary, at ≈75^MLAT, (2) eastward and poleward expansions of the cusp aurora, reaching the 1430 MLT meridian after 5–6 min, and (3) east-west expansion of the higher-latitude aurora (at ≈77^–78^MLAT) in the postnoon sector. The associated magnetic disturbance is characterized by an initial positive deflection of the X-component at stations located 100–400 km south of the aurora, corresponding to enhanced Sunward return flow associated with the merging convection cell in the post-noon sector. The sequence of partly overlapping poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) during the first 15 min, accompanied by corresponding pulsations in the convection current, was followed by a strong westward contraction of the cusp aurora when the ground magnetograms indicated a temporary return to the pre-onset level. These observations are discussed in relation to the Cowley-Lockwood model of ionospheric response to pulsed magnetopause reconnection.  相似文献   

The evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under simulated inner asteroid conditions     

Claudia‐Corina Giese  Inge Loes Ten Kate  Oliver Plümper  Helen E. King  Christoph Lenting  Yang Liu  Alexander G. G. M. Tielens 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2019,54(9):1930-1950

Large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an important component of the interstellar medium. PAHs have been identified in the soluble and insoluble matter of carbonaceous chondrites (CCs). Here, we study the evolution of PAHs under conditions relevant to the interiors of asteroids and compare our results to PAHs observed in CCs. We have performed long‐term and short‐term hydrothermal experiments, in which we exposed PAH‐mineral mixture analogs of meteorites to temperature conditions representative of those predicted for asteroids interiors. Our results show that small PAHs with melting points within the aqueous alteration temperature of CCs form carbonaceous spherules in the presence of water. In this work, we describe the microstructure and morphology of these spherules. We discuss the similarities and differences compared to globules isolated from CCs.  相似文献   

Nested intrashelf platform clinoforms—Evidence of shelf platform growth exemplified by Lower Cretaceous strata in the Barents Sea     

Ivar Midtkandal  Thea Sveva Faleide  Jan Inge Faleide  Sverre Planke  Ingrid Anell  Johan Petter Nystuen 《Basin Research》2020,32(2):216-223

Two nested clinoform set types of different scales and steepness are mapped and analysed from high-resolution seismic data. Restoration of post-depositional faulting reveals a persistent pattern of small-scale, high-angle clinoforms contained within platform-scale, low-angle clinothems, showing a combined overall progradational depositional system. The large clinoforms lack a well-defined platform edge, and show a gradual increase in dip from topset to foreset. A consistent recurring stratal pattern is evident from the architecture, and is considered a result of interplay between relative sea-level change and autocyclic switching of sediment delivery focal points that brought sediment to the platform edge. This un-interrupted succession records how intra-shelf platforms prograde. Quantitative clinoform analysis may assist in determining the most influential depositional factors. Post-depositional uplift and erosion requires restoration with re-burial to maximum burial depth. Backstripping, decompaction and isostatic correction was performed assuming a range of lithologic compositions, as no wells test the lithology. Nearby wells penetrate strata basinward of the clinoforms, proving mudstone content above 50%, which in turn guide restoration values. Typical restored platform heights are 250–300 m, with correspondingly sized platform-scale clinoform heights. Typical large-scale clinoform foreset dip values are 1.3°–2.4°. Small-scale clinothems are typically 100 m thick, with restored foreset dip angles at 4.4° - > 10°. The results suggest that intrashelf platform growth occurs in pulses interrupted by draping of strata over its clinoform profile. The resultant architecture comprises small-scale clinoforms nested within platform-scale clinothems.  相似文献   

Evolution of the western Barents Sea   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jan Inge Faleide  Steinar T. Gudlaugsson  Gerard Jacquart 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》1984,1(2):123-150

Information from multichannel seismic reflection data complemented by seismic refraction, gravity and magnetics forms the basis for a regional structural and evolutionary model of the western Barents Sea during post-Caledonian times. The western Barents Sea contains a thick succession, locally > 10 km, of Upper Paleozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary rocks covering a basement of probably Caledonian origin. The area is divided into three regional geological provinces: (1) an east-west trending basinal province between 74°N and the coast of Norway; (2) an elevated platform area to the north towards Svalbard; and (3) the western continental margin. Several structural elements of different origin and age have been mapped within each of these provinces. The main stratigraphic sequence boundaries have been tentatively dated from available well information, correlation with the geology of adjacent areas, and correlation with the interregional unconformities caused by relative changes of sea level. The main structural elements were developed during three major post-Caledonian tectonic phases: the Svalbardian phase in Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous times, the Mid and Late Kimmerian phase in Mid Jurassic to Early Cretaceous times and Cenozoic tectonism related to the progressive northward opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. The sediments are predicted to be of mainly clastic origin except for a thick sequence of Middle Carboniferous — Lower Permian carbonates and evaporites. Salt diapirs have developed in several sub-basins, especially in the Nordkapp Basin where they form continuous salt walls that have pierced through > 7 km of sediments.  相似文献   

Extending the known distribution of the Vedde Ash into Siberia: occurrence in lake sediments from the Timan Ridge and the Ural Mountains,northern Russia     

Haflidi Haflidason  Carl Regnll  Sean Pyne‐O'Donnell  John Inge Svendsen 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2019,48(2):444-451

Tephra shards from the Vedde Ash eruption have been identified in two lakes from northwestern Russia and the Polar Ural Mountains. This is the most distal and easternmost occurrence of this regional tephra marker horizon found so far and it extends the area of the Vedde Ash tephra more than 1700 km further east than previously documented. This means that particles the size of fine sand have travelled more than 4000 km from the Katla volcano source, south Iceland. These findings offer a new possibility to correlate archives over a very long distance in the time period around the Younger Dryas.  相似文献   

The Bølling‐age Blomvåg Beds,western Norway: implications for the Older Dryas glacial re‐advance and the age of the deglaciation     

Jan Mangerud  Jason P. Briner  Tomasz Goslar  John Inge Svendsen 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2017,46(2):162-184

Blomvåg, on the western coast of Norway north of Bergen, is a classical site in Norwegian Quaternary science. Foreshore marine sediments, named the Blomvåg Beds and now dated to the Bølling‐Allerød from 14.8 to 13.3 cal. ka BP, contain the richest Lateglacial bone fauna in Norway, numerous mollusc shells, driftwood, and flint that some archaeologists consider as the oldest traces of humans in Norway. The main theme of this paper is that the Blomvåg Beds are overlain by a compact diamicton, named the Ulvøy Diamicton, which was interpreted previously as a basal till deposited during a glacial re‐advance into the ocean during the Older Dryas (c. 14 cal. ka BP). Sediment sections of the Blomvåg Beds and the Ulvøy Diamicton were exposed in ditches in a cemetery that was constructed in 1941–42 and have subsequently not been accessible. A number of radiocarbon and cosmogenic ¹⁰Be exposure ages demonstrate that the diamicton is not likely to be a till because minimum deglaciation ages (14.8–14.5 cal. ka BP) from the vicinity pre‐date the Ulvøy Diamicton. We now consider that sea ice and icebergs formed the Ulvøy Diamicton during the Younger Dryas. The Scandinavian Ice Sheet margin was located on the outermost coastal islands between at least c. 18.5 and 14.8 cal. ka BP; however, no ice‐marginal deposits have been found offshore from this long period. The Older Dryas ice margin in this area was located slightly inside the Younger Dryas margin, whereas farther south it was located slightly beyond the Younger Dryas margin.  相似文献   

iGeoTrans – a novel iOS application for GPS positioning in geosciences     

Dieu Tien Bui  Chuyen Trung Tran  Biswajeet Pradhan  Inge Revhaug  Razak Seidu 《国际地球制图》2015,30(2):202-217

The iGeoTrans is an iOS application designed for navigation purposes for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. This application uses Global Positioning System (GPS), Assisted GPS system, GLONASS, Wi-Fi and Cellular Network for positioning. The iGeoTrans has included datum transformations and map projections that enable users to convert the collected data between different coordinate systems for almost all areas in the world. In addition, other features are also included such as distance, area measurements, and GPS results could be exported to the AutoCad dxf format for GIS softwares. The average horizontal and vertical root mean square errors (RMSEs) for the static test are around 4.11 and 3.51?m, respectively. The horizontal RMSE for the dynamic outdoor test is around 2.72?m. The iGeoTrans application can be used to support surveying, mapping and geosciences fieldworks for any area in the world.  相似文献