Tide-induced variability in beach surface moisture: Observations and modelling     

Laura B. Brakenhoff  Yvonne Smit  Jasper J. A. Donker  Gerben Ruessink 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(1):317-330

The moisture content w_s of a beach surface strongly controls the availability of sand for aeolian transport. Our predictive capability of the spatiotemporal variability in w_s, which depends to a large extent on water table depth, is, however, limited. Here we show that water table fluctuations and surface moisture content observed during a 10-day period on a medium-grained (365μm) planar (1:30) beach can be predicted well with the nonlinear Boussinesq equation extended to include run-up infiltration and a soil–water retention curve under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. On the intertidal part of the beach the water table is observed and predicted to continuously fall from the moment the beach surface emerges from the falling tide to just before it is submerged by the incoming tide. We find that on the lower 30% of the intertidal beach the water table remains within 0.1–0.2 m from the surface and that the sand is always saturated (w_s≈20%, by mass). Higher up on the intertidal beach, the surface can dry to about 5% when the water table has fallen to 0.4–0.5 m beneath the surface. Above the high-tide level the water table is always too deep (>0.5 m) to affect surface moisture and, without precipitation, the sand is dry (w_s < 5 − 8%). Because the water table depth on the emerged part of the intertidal beach increases with time irrespective of whether the (ocean) tide falls or rises, we find no need to include hysteresis (wetting and drying) effects in the surface-moisture modelling. Model simulations suggest that at the present planar beach only the part well above mean sea level can dry sufficiently (w_s < 10%) for sand to become available for aeolian transport. ©2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Seismic-induced rockfalls and landslide dam following the October 30, 2016 earthquake in Central Italy     

Saverio Romeo  Lucio Di Matteo  Laura Melelli  Corrado Cencetti  Walter Dragoni  Andrea Fredduzzi 《Landslides》2017,14(4):1457-1465

On October 30, 2016, a seismic event and its aftershocks produced diffuse landslides along the SP 209 road in the Nera River Gorge (Central Italy). Due to the steep slopes and the outcropping of highly fractured and bedded limestone, several rockfalls were triggered, of which the main event occurred on the slope of Mount Sasso Pizzuto. The seismic shock acted on a rock wedge that, after an initial slide, developed into a rockfall. The debris accumulation blocked the SP 209 road and dammed the Nera River, forming a small lake. The river discharge was around 3.6 m³/s; the water overtopped the dam and flooded the road. By a preliminary topographic survey, we estimated that the debris accumulation covers an area of about 16,500 m², while the volume is around 70,000 m³. The maximum volume occupied by the pre-existing talus mobilized by the rockfall is about 20% of the total volume. Besides blocking the road, the rockfall damaged a bridge severely, while, downstream of the dam, the water flow caused erosion of a road embankment. A rockfall protection gallery, a few hundred meters downstream of the dam, was damaged during the event. Other elastic nets and rigid barriers were not sufficient to protect the road from single-block rockfalls, with volumes around 1–2 m³. Considering the geological and geomorphological conditions, as well as the high seismicity and the socioeconomic importance of the area, a review of the entire rockfall protection systems is required to ensure protection of critical infrastructure and local communities.  相似文献   

Stochastic Differential Equation of Earthquakes Series     

Maria C. Mariani  Osei K. Tweneboah  Hector Gonzalez-Huizar  Laura Serpa 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2016,173(7):2357-2364

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Comparison of web plate numerical models for self‐centering steel plate shear walls          下载免费PDF全文

Patricia M. Clayton  Ching‐Yi Tsai  Jeffrey W. Berman  Laura N. Lowes 《地震工程与结构动力学》2015,44(12):2093-2110

Previous research has shown that self‐centering steel plate shear walls (SC‐SPSWs) are capable of achieving enhanced seismic performance at multiple hazard levels, including recentering following design‐level earthquakes. When modeling SC‐SPSWs numerically, these studies considered an idealized tension‐only steel plate shear wall (SPSW) web plate behavior. Research has shown that web plate behavior is more complex than predicted by the idealized model, and web plates can provide more strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation than predicted by the idealized model. The idealized model of web plate behavior is used widely in SPSW numerical models where the moment‐resisting boundary frame provides supplemental hysteretic damping and stiffness; however, in SC‐SPSWs, where the post‐tensioned boundary frame is designed to remain elastic during an earthquake, accounting for the more complex web plate behavior can have a significant impact on seismic performance estimates from numerical simulation. This paper presents different methods for modeling SC‐SPSWs. Responses from these models are compared with experimental results. A simple modification of the tension‐only model, referred to as the tension‐compression strip model, is shown to provide a reasonable approximation of SC‐SPSW behavior. Results from nonlinear response history analyses of SC‐SPSWs with the tension‐only and tension‐compression web plate models are compared to assess how the approximation of web plate behavior affects SC‐SPSW seismic performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Recent shifts in coastline change and shoreline stabilization linked to storm climate change   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Jennifer M. Johnson  Laura J. Moore  Kenneth Ells  A. Brad Murray  Peter N. Adams  Richard A. MacKenzie III  John M. Jaeger 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(5):569-585

Since cuspate coastlines are especially sensitive to changes in wave climate, they serve as potential indicators of initial responses to changing wave conditions. Previous work demonstrates that Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, which are largely unaffected by shoreline stabilization efforts, have become increasingly asymmetric over the past 30 years, consistent with model predictions for coastline response to increases in Atlantic Ocean summer wave heights and resulting changes in the distribution of wave‐approach angles. Historic and recent shoreline change observations for Cape Fear, North Carolina, and model simulations of coastline response to an increasingly asymmetric wave climate in the presence of beach nourishment, produce comparable differences in shoreline change rates in response to changes in wave climate. Results suggest that the effect of beach nourishment is to compensate for – and therefore to mask – natural responses to wave climate change that might otherwise be discernible in patterns of shoreline change alone. Therefore, this case study suggests that the effects of wave climate change on human‐modified coastlines may be detectable in the spatial and temporal patterns of shoreline stabilization activities. Similar analyses of cuspate features in areas where the change in wave climate is less pronounced (i.e. Fishing Point, Maryland/Virginia) and where local geology appears to exert control on coastline shape (i.e. Cape Canaveral, Florida), suggest that changes in shoreline configuration that may be arising from shifting wave climate are currently limited to sandy wave‐dominated coastlines where the change in wave climate has been most pronounced. However, if hurricane‐generated wave heights continue to increase, large‐scale shifts in patterns of erosion and accretion will likely extend beyond sensitive cuspate features as the larger‐scale coastline shape comes into equilibrium with changing wave conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The performance of churches in the 2012 Emilia earthquakes     

Luigi Sorrentino  Laura Liberatore  Luis D. Decanini  Domenico Liberatore 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2014,12(5):2299-2331

In this study the damage suffered by churches during the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence in Italy is analysed, based on surveys and inspections carried out in the area. Similarly to what was observed after other Italian earthquakes, the damage to churches was severe. However, the Emilia churches present some characteristic features such as the use of unreinforced clay brick masonry. In order to appropriately address the performance of this class of buildings, typical architectural layouts and construction techniques are described. Such techniques are interpreted also in the light of the local seismic catalogue. Fifty churches are then selected and their damage is studied, with reference to typical local-collapse mechanisms of different macro-elements. The study highlights that the damage is often concentrated at the top section of the façade, in the clerestory walls, in the vaults and in the bell towers. Structural analyses are performed to explain some of the observations. The overturning of the top section of the façade is analytically addressed, modelling the friction interlocking. With reference to the case study of San Francesco in Mirandola, non-linear static and dynamic analyses allow us to correlate the directionality of damage to the higher seismic demand along the NS direction, to point out the negligible role of the large vertical component of ground motion and to emphasise the relevance of the buttresses for the seismic response of the façade.  相似文献   

Stability and Removal of Naproxen and Its Metabolite by Advanced Membrane Wastewater Treatment Plant and Micelle–Clay Complex          下载免费PDF全文

Mohannad Qurie  Mustafa Khamis  Fida Malek  Shlomo Nir  Sabino A. Bufo  Jihad Abbadi  Laura Scrano  Rafik Karaman 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(5):594-600

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Evolution of a debris-rock slide causing a natural dam: the flash flood of Río Santa Cruz,Province of San Juan—November 12, 2005     

Laura P. Perucca  M. Yanina Esper Angillieri 《Natural Hazards》2009,50(2):305-320

Between 2001 and 2005, a large debris rock slide occurred on the western slope of the Cordillera de Santa Cruz in the southeast Andean corner of the Province of San Juan (31°40′ S–70°16′ W). The landslide material accumulated in a downstream gorge as a natural dam of the Santa Cruz river, forming a large-volume lake. In November 2005, probably as a result of the increasing pressure of the water volume, this natural dam breached off with a violent and unexpected flash flood. In addition to life-threatening instances lived by some people downstream, this flood caused great economic loss to main localities of the Department of Calingasta, as well as considerable damage to one of the most relevant projects of the Province, the Caracoles Hydropower Project dam on the San Juan river. Considering the high costs of any physical remediation for a natural dam located in this high, remote, and inaccessible mountain area with no reliable road access, the main protective measures left to be pondered are the installation of a flash-flood early-warning system connected to downstream localities, along with a program of hydrological monitoring at the dam-forming area and annual satellital monitoring to verify the evolution of accumulated mass movements.  相似文献   

Eddy covariance imaging of diffuse volcanic CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions at Mammoth Mountain,CA, USA     

Jennifer L. Lewicki  George E. Hilley  Laura Dobeck  Bruno D. V. Marino 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(1):135-141

Use of eddy covariance (EC) techniques to map the spatial distribution of diffuse volcanic CO₂ fluxes and quantify CO₂ emission rate was tested at the Horseshoe Lake tree-kill area on Mammoth Mountain, California, USA. EC measurements of CO₂ flux were made during September–October 2010 and ranged from 85 to 1,766 g m⁻² day⁻¹. Comparative maps of soil CO₂ flux were simulated and CO₂ emission rates estimated from three accumulation chamber (AC) CO₂ flux surveys. Least-squares inversion of measured eddy covariance CO₂ fluxes and corresponding modeled source weight functions recovered 58–77% of the CO₂ emission rates estimated based on simulated AC soil CO₂ fluxes. Spatial distributions of modeled surface CO₂ fluxes based on EC and AC observations showed moderate to good correspondence (R ² = 0.36 to 0.70). Results provide a framework for automated monitoring of volcanic CO₂ emissions over relatively large areas.  相似文献   

Combining long- and short-term probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment with cost-benefit analysis to support decision making in a volcanic crisis from the Auckland Volcanic Field,New Zealand   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Laura Sandri  Gill Jolly  Jan Lindsay  Tracy Howe  Warner Marzocchi 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(3):705-723

By using BET_VH, we propose a quantitative probabilistic hazard assessment for base surge impact in Auckland, New Zealand. Base surges resulting from phreatomagmatic eruptions are among the most dangerous phenomena likely to be associated with the initial phase of a future eruption in the Auckland Volcanic Field. The assessment is done both in the long-term and in a specific short-term case study, i.e. the simulated pre-eruptive unrest episode during Exercise Ruaumoko, a national civil defence exercise. The most important factors to account for are the uncertainties in the vent location (expected for a volcanic field) and in the run-out distance of base surges. Here, we propose a statistical model of base surge run-out distance based on deposits from past eruptions in Auckland and in analogous volcanoes. We then combine our hazard assessment with an analysis of the costs and benefits of evacuating people (on a 1 × 1-km cell grid). In addition to stressing the practical importance of a cost-benefit analysis in creating a bridge between volcanologists and decision makers, our study highlights some important points. First, in the Exercise Ruaumoko application, the evacuation call seems to be required as soon as the unrest phase is clear; additionally, the evacuation area is much larger than what is recommended in the current contingency plan. Secondly, the evacuation area changes in size with time, due to a reduction in the uncertainty in the vent location and increase in the probability of eruption. It is the tradeoff between these two factors that dictates which cells must be evacuated, and when, thus determining the ultimate size and shape of the area to be evacuated.  相似文献