The igneous rocks of the Pongola Supergroup (PS) and Usushwana Intrusive Suite (UIS) represent a case of late Archaean continental magmatism in the southeastern part of the Kaapvaal craton of South Africa and Swaziland.
U-Pb dating on zircons from felsic volcanic rocks of the PS yields a concordia intercept age of 2940 ± 22Ma that is consistent with a Sm-Nd whole rock age of 2934 ± 114Ma determined on the PS basalt-rhyolite suite. The initial εNd of−2.6 ± 0.9 is the lowest value so far reported for Archaean mantle-derived rocks. Rb-Sr whole rock dating of the PS yields a younger isochron age of 2883 ± 69Ma, which is not significantly different form the accepted U-Pb zircon age.
An internal (cpx-opx-plag-whole rock) isochron for a pyroxenite from the younger UIS yields an age of 2871 ± 30 Ma and initial 143Nd/144Nd that lies off the CHUR growth curve by εNd −2.9 ± 0.2. However, Sm-Nd whole-rock data for the UIS yield an excessively high age of 3.1 Ga that conflicts with firm geological evidence showing the UIS to be intrusive into the PS.
The negative deviations of initialεNd from the chondritic Nd evolution curve suggest significant contamination of the PS and UIS melts by older continental crust. A mixing process with continental crust after magma segregation is supported by a high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of0.703024 ± 24 for a clinopyroxene sample from a UIS pyroxenite, compared with an expected value of 0.701 for the 2.9 Ga mantle. We therefore interpret the linear array of data points for the UIS gabbros as a mixing line between 2.87 Ga old magma and older continental crust.
Parallel LREE-enriched REE patterns, negative Nb-Ti anomalies, a distinctive and uniform ratio of Ti/Zr 46 and a narrow span of initial Nd indicate a common source for both the PS and UIS suites which is different from primitive mantle. 相似文献
Among long-lived radioactive parent-daughter element pairs, the ratio Lu/Hf is strongly fractionated relative to constant Sm/Nd in the Earth's sedimentary system. This is caused by high resistance to chemical weathering of the mineral zircon (Zr,Hf)SiO4. Zircon-bearing sandy sediments on and near continents have very low Lu/Hf, while deep-sea clays have up to three times the chondritic Lu/Hf ratio. Turbidity currents mechanically carry the low-Lu/Hf sandy material onto the ocean floor. The results are important for the crust-to-mantle recycling discussion, where most recycled materials would be subducted oceanic sediments. Such sediment should be capable of explaining the HfNd mantle isotopic variation by mixing with peridotite, but in fact any average pelagic sediment has Nd/Hf and Lu/Hf too high to allow mixing curves to pass through the Hf/Nd isotopic array. The array could only be reproduced by subduction of turbidite sandstone with pelagic sediment in the approximate ratio 1.2 to 1, and by maintaining a good mixture between the two components. At least today, turbidites are available for subduction only at locations quite different and distant from those where pelagic sediments may be recycled; furthermore, mantle isotopic variation shows that the mantle often cannot mix itself well enough to homogenize these widely-separated sedimentary components to the degree required. The Lu/Hf fractionations place a severe restriction on the ability of recycled sediments to explain mantle isotopic patterns. 相似文献
In this paper we present accelerator radiocarbon measurements on hand picked benthic and planktonic foraminifera separated from two deep sea cores raised from the South China Sea. From the benthic-planktonic age differences we are able to place limits on the extent to which the ventilation rate of the deep Pacific Ocean has changed over the last 12000 years. While much work remains to be done before any definitive answers for the global oceans can be given, these results on cores with sedimentation rates suitably high to avoid major corrections for bioturbation effects suggest that the ventilation rate of the deep Pacific Ocean has remained nearly the same throughout Holocene time. Further, there is no suggestion that the rate was slower during the period of major glacial retreat. These results confirm that the changes in atmospheric14C/C ratio over the last 10000 years owe their origin to radiocarbon production rate changes. 相似文献
The Ivrea zone represents a tilted cross section through deep continental crust. Sm-Nd isotopic data for peridotites from Baldissero and Balmuccia and for a suite of gabbros from the mafic formation adjacent to the Balmuccia peridotite provide evidence for an event of partial melting 607±19 Ma ago in an extended mantle source with
607Nd
=+0.4±0.3. The peridotites are interpreted as the corresponding melt residue, the lower part of the mafic formation as the complementary melts which underwent further differentiation immediately after extraction. The Finero body represents a complex with layers of phlogopite peridotite, hornblende peridotite, and amphibole-rich gabbro. The isotopic signatures fall into two groups: (1) highly radiogenic Nd and low-radiogenic Sr characterize the phlogopite-free, amphibole-rich rocks, whereas (2) low-radiogenic Nd and highly radiogenic Sr is found in ultramafics affected by phlogopite metasomatism. Phlogopite metasomatism in the Ivrea zone is dated by a Rb-Sr whole rock isochron yielding 293±13 Ma. It was fed by K-rich fluids which were probably derived from metasediments. The high initial
293Nd
value of about +7.5 for phlogopite-free samples indicates a high time-integrated Sm/Nd ratio in the Finero protolith 293 Ma ago. Sm-Nd analyses of metapelites from the paragneiss series yield Proterozoic crustal residence ages of 1.2 to 1.8 Ga. Internal Sm-Nd isochrons for three garnetiferous rocks show that closure of garnet at temperatures around 600° C or even lower occurred about 250 Ma ago. 相似文献
We present new isotopic data for Sr and Nd in basalts and alkalic volcanics from Kohala volcano, Hawaii, which had previously been described by Feigenson et al. (1983). These data complement our own isotopic data presented in that paper and those given in the companion paper by Lanphere and Frey (1986). We show that in spite of appearances to the contrary, there is no significant analytical bias in our previously published analyses. Accidental sampling bias and one erroneous value prevented us from recognizing the isotopic heterogeneity in our previously published data. The new data both confirm the Sr-isotopic distinction between Pololu and Hawi volcanics discovered by Lanphere and Frey and narrow the gap between them significantly. The two data sets agree for the Hawi samples, but the mean 87Sr/86Sr=0.703651±13 for our Pololu basalts is significantly lower than the mean 87Sr/86Sr= 0.703748±18 found by Lanphere and Frey. The Ndisotopic ratios are also heterogeneous, but they overlap for the two formations. We agree with the assessment of Lanphere and Frey that some of our samples originally classified as belonging to the Hawi Formation are actually derived from the uppermost Pololu Formation, but with some stratigraphic ambiguities remaining.We believe that our previous results of inverse modelling are valid for the tholeiitic and moderately alkalic Pololu Formation despite the isotopic heterogeneity because this heterogeneity does not correlate with the trace element chemistry of the Pololu samples.The severe depletion of Sc, which correlates with decreasing CaO/Al2O3 ratios and increasing Yb concentrations, confirms the importance of clinopyroxene fractionation in the evolved lavas of the Hawi Formation. In addition, apatite precipitation did fractionate the P/Ce ratios in the more evolved Hawi lavas, but its effect on the REE abundances is still uncertain and may not be significant.The MgO — P2O5 plot of Lanphere and Frey does not provide compelling evidence against a simple genetic relationship between Pololu and Hawi lavas. The internal consistency of the (fractionation corrected) trace element ratios such as Ba/Ce indicates that Ba is depleted in both the Hawi and the Pololu sources and that these sources do have similar chemistry.Finally, we show that contrary to the conclusions of Lanphere and Frey the REE patterns of Kohala volcanics can be generated from sources with only slightly negatively sloping REE patterns without involvement of garnet, as was indicated by the formal inversion analysis. Models which include garnet yield more highly anomalous source abundance patterns and calculated bulk-source partition coefficients which are inconsistent with the presence of garnet. The persistence of residual garnet is also inconsistent with the absence of significant heavy-REE fractionation among the Pololu basalts. 相似文献
himu, em i andem ii are three of the main geochemical mantle components that give rise to oceanic island basalts [1]. They represent the end members that produce the extreme isotopic compositions measured on intraplate volcanics. In French Polynesia, all three mantle components are represented in volcanic rocks. The characteristichimu signature is found in Tubuai, Mangaia and Rurutu,em i is present in the source of Rarotonga and Pitcairn volcanics andem ii dominates the composition of most Society Islands. Intermediate values between the three end members are found on most islands.We suggest that the three components are not independent but are physically related in the mantle. Thehimu component is thought to be recycled oceanic crust that lost part of its Pb through hydrothermal processes prior to and during subduction.em i andem ii are believed to acquire their isotopic and trace element characteristics through entrainment of sediments that were subducted together with the oceanic crust.The trace element pattern and the isotopic composition ofhimu lavas can be quantitatively modelled using a mixture of 25% old recycledmorb crust and 75% mantle peridotite. The extreme Pb composition is modelled assuming that Pb was lost from oceanic crust when hydrothermal alteration at the ridge leached Pb from the basalt to redeposit it as sulphides on top of and throughout the crust, followed by preferential dissolution of sulphides during dehydration in the subduction zone. These processes led to a drastic increase of theU/Pb ratio of the subducted material which evolved over 2 Ga to very radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions. Pb isotopic compositions similar to those ofem i andem ii are modelled assuming that sediments with average crustal Pb isotopic compositions were subducted and recycled into the mantle together with the underlyingmorb oceanic crust. Pelagic sediments (μ 5 andκ 6) account for the Pb isotopic composition ofem i whereas terrigenous sediments (μ 10 andκ 4.5) evolve towards theem ii end member. A few percent of sediment in the recycled crust-sediment mixture will destroy the characteristic Pb isotopic signature of thehimu component. This, together with the low probability of isolating oceanic crust in the mantle for 2 Ga, explains why the extremehimu composition, as seen on Tubuai and St Helena, is sampled so rarely by oceanic volcanism. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Das Verformungsverhalten von Felshängen wird einmal durch die geologische Entwicklungsgeschichte, zum anderen durch die zum Zeitpunkt der Beobachtung herrschenden Randbedingungen (Höhe, Neigung des Hanges, eingeprägte Kräfte) und Gebirgseigenschaften bestimmt. Diese Gebirgseigenschaften sind einerseits von den Gesteinseigenschaften (Verformbarkeit und Festigkeit) und andererseits von der Klüftung abhängig.Mit Hilfe zweidimensionaler großmaßstäblicher Modelle, die in einer ersten Serie aus starren Kluftkörpern (Strukturmodelle) und in einer zweiten Serie aus äquivalentem Modellmaterial aufgebaut waren, wird der Versuch unternommen, die innere Kinematik eines ganzen Hangquerschnittes zu studieren. Während im ersten Fall der Einfluß des Trennflächengefüges allein untersucht werden kann, überlagern sich im zweiten Fall Material- und Gefügeparameter.Anhand der Strukturmodelle wird eine Einteilung in verschiedene typische Verformungsverhalten von Hängen in Abhängigkeit von der Kluftstellung und vom Kluftreibungswinkel vorgenommen.Der besonders interessante Fall eines Kluftkörperverbandes mit bergeinwärtsfallender Bankung — hier überlagern sich Rotations- und Translationsbewegungen — wird in seinem gesamten Verformungsablauf beschrieben und nach charakteristischen Verformungsstadien unterteilt. Dabei wird die Entwicklung der Verformungen vom Hakenwerfen der Böschungsfront bis zu einem tiefgreifenden Talzuschub mit der Ausbildung ausgeprägter Schwächezonen erfaßt.Die an den Versuchen durchgeführten Beobachtungen gestatten eine bessere Bewertung des Trennflächeneinflusses auf das Verformungsverhalten von Felsmassen mit regelmäßigem Gefügemuster (H-Typ) und geben Hinweise zur besseren Abschätzung des Verformungsablaufes im Inneren eines Hanges sowie der zu erwartenden Form des Böschungsbruchkörpers.
The deformation behaviour of rock slopes is influenced by the geological history, by the boundary conditions (height, inclination of the slope, additional forces) acting at the time of observation and the material properties of the rock mass. The properties depend on the rock parameters (deformability and strength) and on the joint patterns.With two-dimensional large scale models which consisted of rigid blocks in the first series of tests (structural models) and of equivalent model material in a second one, it was tried to study the kinematics of a whole slope section.In the first of those cases joint fabric is the only parameter to be investigated while in the second, series of test material and structural parameters have to be considered simultaneously. The structural models allow a classification into different types of deformation behaviour of the slopes. Criteria of classifications are the inclination of the strata and the friction angle.The especially interesting case of a jointed rock system with strata dipping into the mountain (in this case rotational and translational displacements are superposed) is described in its whole deformation history which is divided into characteristic stages of deformation. The development of displacements is studied from a first Hakenwerfen at the front of the slope to a deep Talzuschub with the formation of zones of weakness (latent sliding surfaces).Conclusions drawn from these tests allow a better assessment of the influence of joint sets on the deformation behaviour of a rock mass, the development of displacements in the interior of a slope and the shape of sliding surfaces.
Résumé Le processus de déformation des versants rocheux est déterminé d'abord par l'histoire géologique, ensuite par les conditions immédiates du milieu régnant au moment de l'observation (hauteur, inclinaison de la pente, forces emmagasinées) et par les propriétés à l'échelle de l'ensemble rocheux. Ces dernières dépendent d'une part des propriétés du matériau rocheux lui-même (déformabilité et résistance) et d'autre part de la fissuration.A l'aide de maquettes bidimensionelles à grande échelle composées, lors d'une première série, de blocs rigides (modèle structural) et lors d'une seconde série, de blocs faits d'un matériau équivalent, on a assayé d'étudier la cinématique interne d'une coupe transversale faite dans un versant. Tandis que dans le premier cas, c'est seulement l'influence de la disposition des plans de division qui a pu être recherchée, dans le second il y a eu superposition des paramètres propres à cette disposition et au matériau.En partant de ces modèles structuraux, on a pu classer les différents types de comportements à la déformation des versants en fonction de la position de fissures et de leur angle de frottement.Le cas particulièrement intéressant d'un complexe fissuré à stratification inclinant vers l'intérieur du versant (ici se superposent en effet les mouvements de rotation et de translation) est décrit intégralement dans le déroulement de sa déformation et subdivisé en stades caractéristiques de déformation. On a pu ainsi saisir le développement des déformations depuis le «Hakenwerfen» du front du talus jusqu'à la poussée en profondeur vers la vallée, avec formation de zones de faiblesse bien marquées.Les observations faites lors des essais permettent de mieux évaluer l'influence des plans de division sur le processus de déformation des masses rocheuses qui ont une structure régulière (type H). Elles donnent des indications pour apprécier plus justement le développement de la déformation dans un versant, et de la forme de la zone de rupture à laquelle il faut s'attendre.
The Vogtland and NW Bohemia are characterized geoscientifically by periodically occurrence of swarm earthquakes. The basic geophysical mechanism is not yet sufficiently clarified, just like detail questions to geology in especially the deeper underground. Complex geophysical investigations in the seismoactive region indicate geodynamic phenomena like mass redistribution or stress accumulation and release (Spiák et al., 1998). According to Grünthal (1989) a weakness zone is suggested in the region of the swarm earthquakes. This zone can be caused by fluid-tectonics (Kämpf et al., 1992), a mantle plume (pers. com. J. Svancara, 1999) and/or by the geometry of the geological structures (Neunhöfer & Güth, 1988). A three-dimensional gravimetric model can clear up the underground situation. By means of high-resolution gravimetry a three-dimensional model will be developped for the Vogtland and NW Bohemia region. In the first step a homogeneous Bouguer map of the Vogtland and NW Bohemia was created (fig. 1) containing gravity structures analysed by Ibrmajer & Suk (1989) and Blízkovsky et al. (1985). The used gravimetric data were made available by the Saxonian National Office for Environment and Geology, by the Czech Geological Survey, Prague and by the GGA Hannover.In the context with the interpretation of the deep-seismic profile MVE 90 a two-dimensional gravimetric modeling was carried out (Behr et al., 1994), too. Anomaly-producing source bodies apparently do not offer themselves in a two-dimensional model, because after Jung (1961) the length of a gravimetric source structure must be about four times larger than it's width. The technique of the three-dimensional gravimetric modeling by means of any polyhedrons was developed by Götze (1976, 1984). Gravimetry is a potential method and supplies an infinite number of solutions, so the model has to be developed close to other geoscientific results. The aim is to construct a high-resolution three-dimensional underground model, which includes the upper earth's crust and the deep-seated structures of the middle and lower crust, too. The determination of the mass distribution in the underground supplies contradicting or supporting facts for geodynamic views in the Vogtland and NW Bohemia for example of Bankwitz et al. (1993). The interpretation of the Bouguer map of the Vogtland and a three-dimensional gravimetric model ought to contribute a substantial, also geodynamic part to understand the origin and the emergence of the swarm earthquakes in this region.相似文献