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31.
Daniel Harlov Peter Tropper Wolfgang Seifert Timo Nijland Hans-Jürgen Frster 《Lithos》2006,88(1-4):72-84
Reaction rims of titanite on ilmenite are described in samples from four terranes of amphibolite-facies metapelites and amphibolites namely the Tamil Nadu area, southern India; the Val Strona area of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone, northern Italy, the Bamble Sector, southern Norway, and the northwestern Austroalpine Ötztal Complex. The titanite rims, and hence the stability of titanite (CaTiSiO4O) and Al–OH titanite, i.e. vuaganatite (hypothetical end-member CaAlSiO4OH), are discussed in the light of fH2O- and fO2-buffered equilibria involving clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, ilmenite, magnetite, and quartz in the systems CaO–FeO/Fe2O3–TiO2–SiO2–H2O–O2 (CFTSH) and CaO–FeO/Fe2O3–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–O2 (CFASH) present in each of the examples. Textural evidence suggests that titanite reaction rims on ilmenite in rocks from Tamil Nadu, Val Strona, and the Bamble Sector originated most likely due to hydration reactions such as clinopyroxene + ilmenite + quartz + H2O = amphibole + titanite and oxidation reactions such as amphibole + ilmenite + O2 = titanite + magnetite + quartz + H2O during amphibolite-facies metamorphism, or, as in the case of the Ötztal Complex, during a subsequent greenschist-facies overprint. Overstepping of these reactions requires fH2O and fO2 to be high for titanite formation, which is also in accordance with equilibria involving Al–OH titanite. This study shows that, in addition to P, T, bulk–rock composition and composition of the coexisting fluid, fO2 and fH2O also play an important role in the formation of Al-bearing titanite during amphibolite- and greenschist-facies metamorphism. 相似文献
32.
Reijo Salminen Anne Kousa Rolf Tore Ottesen Olle Selinus Eiliv Steinnes Timo Tarvainen Bjoern OEhlander 《《幕》》2008,31(1):155-162
The mining environment, medical geology and urban geochemistry form a group of related scientific disciplines that have developed strongly during recent years in the Nordic countries. Modern legislation controls the environmental issues. Close co-operation of researchers and legislators has improved the quality and safety of life in the societies of the Nordic countries. In mining environmental studies, methods that are suitable in Arctic conditions have been developed; in medical geology, the input from the Nordic countries has made it an appreciated scientific discipline throughout the world, and in the case of the urban environment, methods developed by our geochemists have especially improved the health conditions, particularly of children. 相似文献
33.
Factors controlling the magnitudes of, and short-term variations in, the potential temperatures of the snow surface and the
air at the height of 2 m θS and θ2 m over Arctic sea ice in winter are analysed. The study addresses the winters of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988, and is based on the
temperature, wind, and cloud observations made by Russian drifting ice stations. It also relies on the ERA40 re-analyses of
the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, which were utilised to calculate the lateral heat advection at the
sites of the ice stations. The cloud cover and wind speed were more important than the heat advection in controlling the magnitudes
of θ2 m and θS, while on a time scale of 24 h, during steady forcing conditions, the heat advection was the most important factor affecting
the changes in θS and θ2 m. During changing conditions, and considering individual factors separately, the monthly mean 24-h temperature changes were
less than ± 5 °C: the effect of the cloud cover was the largest, and that of the heat advection was the smallest. When simultaneous
changes in the three factors were analysed, the seasonal mean temperature changes were even of the order of ±15 °C, with the
strongest warming events exceeding 35 K in a single day. The difference θS − θ2 m reached its lowest seasonal mean values during conditions of clear skies (−1.3 °C), light winds (−1.3 °C) and warm-air advection
(−0.8 °C). θS and θ2 m followed each other closely, even during major synoptic-scale temperature variations. 相似文献
34.
A method is presented for selecting the optimal flight patterns for airbornemeteorological measurements in various flow situations. The method is basedon systematic utilisation of mesoscale model fields. Flow overan Arctic sea-ice boundary zone is modelled, and it is assumed that the mesoscale model fields represent the true state of the atmosphere, and that each possible flight pattern yields a different sample of the true fields. A plan for the basic structure of the flight pattern is assumed, and then the unexplained variance, i.e., the difference between the true variance and the sample variance, of a quantity of interest is calculated for a variety of possible flight patterns. Different target quantities are considered, such as wind speed, air temperature, and the turbulent fluxesof momentum and sensible heat. The optimal flight pattern is defined byminimisation of the unexplained variance, and often depends on the quantitywe are interested in. For sawtooth patterns, the optimal flight pattern was sensitive to the maximum ascent angle of the aircraft. In flight patterns designed for turbulence measurements, the optimal pattern was different for the unexplained variance of the turbulent fluxes and for the unexplained total heat content of the convective layer. 相似文献
35.
Damage‐viscoplastic consistency model for rock fracture in heterogeneous rocks under dynamic loading
Timo Saksala 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2010,34(10):1041-1062
This paper presents a damage‐viscoplastic consistency model for numerical simulation of brittle fracture in heterogeneous rocks. The model is based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model by Wang and the isotropic damage concept with separate damage variables in tension and compression. This approach does not suffer from ill‐posedness, caused by strain softening, of the underlying boundary/initial value problem since viscoplasticity provides the regularization by introducing a length scale effect under dynamic loading conditions. The model uses the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion with the Rankine criterion as a tensile cut‐off. The damage law in compression is calibrated via the degradation index concept of Fang and Harrison. Thereby, the model is able to capture the brittle‐to‐ductile transition occurring in confined compression at a certain level of confinement. The heterogeneity of rock is accounted for by the statistical approach based on the Weibull distribution. Numerical simulations of confined compression test in plane strain conditions demonstrate a good agreement with the experiments at both the material point and structural levels as the fracture modes are realistically predicted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
37.
Zhengyang Hou Qing Xu Timo Tokola 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2011,66(6):776-786
In this study, the potential of remote sensing in tropical forests is examined in relation to the diversification of sensors. We report here on the comparison of alternative methods that use multisource data from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), Airborne CIR and ALOS AVNIR-2 to estimate stem volume and basal area, in Laos. Multivariate linear regression analyses with stepwise selection of predictors were implemented for modelling. The predictors of ALS metrics were calculated by means of the canopy height distribution approach, while predictors from both spectral and textual features were respectively generated for Airborne CIR and ALOS AVNIR-2 data. With respect to the estimation capacity from individual data sources after leave-one-out cross-validation, the ALS data proved superior, with the lowest RMSE of 36.92% for stem volume and 47.35% for basal area, whereas Airborne CIR and ALOS AVNIR-2 remained at similar accuracy levels, but fell well behind the ALS data. By integrating ALS metrics with other predictors from Airborne CIR or ALOS AVNIR-2, hybrid modelling was further tested respectively. The results showed that only the hybrid model for stem volume involving ALS and Airborne CIR improved the accuracy of 1.9% in terms of relative RMSE than that of using ALS alone. 相似文献
38.
Intra-City Variation in Urban Morphology and Turbulence Structure in Helsinki, Finland 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Annika Nordbo Leena Järvi Sami Haapanala Joonas Moilanen Timo Vesala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,146(3):469-496
Most atmospheric boundary-layer theories are developed over vegetative surfaces and their applicability at urban sites is questionable. Here, we study the intra-city variation of turbulence characteristics and the applicability of boundary-layer theory using building-morphology data across Helsinki, and eddy-covariance data from three sites: two in central Helsinki (400 m apart) and one 4 km away from the city centre. The multi-site measurements enable the analysis of the horizontal scales at which quantities that characterize turbulent transport vary: (i) Roughness characteristics vary at a 10-m scale, and morphometric estimation of surface-roughness characteristics is shown to perform better than the often used rule-of-thumb estimates (average departures from the logarithmic wind profile are 14 and 44 %, respectively). (ii) The drag coefficient varies at a 100-m scale, and we provide an updated parametrization of the drag coefficient as a function of z/z H (the ratio of the measurement height to the mean building height). (iii) The transport efficiency of heat, water vapour and CO2 is shown to be weaker the more heterogeneous the site is, in terms of sources and sinks, and strong scalar dissimilarity is observed at all sites. (iv) Atmospheric stability varies markedly even within 4 km across the city: the median difference in nocturnal sensible heat fluxes between the three sites was over 50W m?2. Furthermore, (v) normalized power spectra and cospectra do not vary between sites, and they follow roughly the canonical theory as developed over vegetated terrain. 相似文献
39.
Previous numerical simulations have shown that under certain conditions rotating gas clouds break up in two equal parts. We explore the consequences, if this process continues and a planar, equal mass four-body system forms. The results of the four-body calculations are used in Monte Carlo simulation of fragmentation of a rotating gas cloud in a galactic nucleus. Then it appears possible that clusters of large numbers of objects form; the dynamical evolution of these clusters have been calculated. The results were applied to ejection of supermassive objects from galactic nuclei. We find that several statistical properties of double radio sources may be understood as resulting from the fragmentation process. 相似文献
40.
As part of a major international study, 219 first‐year geography students at three Australian universities drew sketch maps of the world. These maps were overwhelmingly Sinocentric in orientation. In terms of content, Australian students tended to include slightly fewer countries than students elsewhere. The level of inclusion of individual countries in the sketch maps was influenced greatly by the area and population of the countries in question but secondary factors such as proximity to Australia, Commonwealth nation status, historical/cultural factors and level of economic development were also important. In comparison to students throughout the world, Australian students demonstrated a fair knowledge of East Asia and ASEAN nations, Western Europe and Commonwealth nations, and relatively poor knowledge of Latin America, non‐Commonwealth Africa and South‐west Asia. 相似文献