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181.
Noriko Hasebe Yasuyuki Nakano Hikaru Miyamoto Toshio Higashino Akihiro Tamura Shoji Arai Ju‐Yong Kim 《Island Arc》2016,25(2):111-125
The Hakusan volcano, central Japan, is located in a region where two subducting plates (the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate) overlap near the junction of four plates adjacent to the Japanese Islands (the Pacific Plate, the Philippine Sea Plate, the Eurasia Plate, and the North American Plate). The Hakusan volcano consists of products from four major volcanic episodes: Kagamuro, Ko‐hakusan, and Shin‐Hakusan I and II. To date the eruption events of the Hakusan volcano we applied thermoluminescence and fission track methods. 238U(234U)–230Th disequilibrium and 206Pb/238U methods were applied to date the zircon crystallization ages for estimating the magma residence time before the eruptions. The eruption ages we obtained are ca 250 ka for Kagamuro, ca 100 ka and ca 60 ka for Ko‐Hakusan, ca 50 ka for Shin‐Hakusan I, and <10 ka for Shin‐Hakusan II. They are concordant with previous reports based on K–Ar dating. Some of the pyroclastic rocks, possibly originating from Shin‐Hakusan II activities, are dated to be ca 36 ka or 50 ka, and belong to the Shin‐Hakusan I activity. The zircon crystallization ages show several clusters prior to eruption. The magma residence time was estimated for each volcanic activity by comparing the major crystallization events and eruption ages, and we found a gradual decrease from ca. 500 ky for the Kagamuro activity to ca. 5 ky for the Shin‐Hakusan II activity. This decrease in residence time may be responsible for the decrease in volume of erupted material estimated from the current topography of the region. The scale of volcanic activity, which was deduced from the number of crystallized zircons, is more or less constant throughout the Hakusan volcanic activity. Therefore, the decrease in magma residence time is most likely the result of stress field change. 相似文献
182.
The annual subduction rate of the North Pacific was calculated based on isopycnally averaged hydrographic climatology (HydroBase), high-resolution winter mixed-layer climatology (NWMLC), and various wind stress climatologies from ship reports, numerical weather prediction products, and satellite products. The calculation was performed using Lagrangian coordinates in the same manner as in previous works, except a less smoothed oceanic climatology (HydroBase and NWMLC) was used instead of a World Ocean Atlas. Differences in the wind stress climatologies have very little effect on subduction rate estimates. The subduction rate census for density classes showed peaks corresponding to subtropical mode water (STMW), central mode water (CMW), and eastern subtropical mode water (ESTMW). The deeper mixed layer and the associated sharper mixed-layer fronts in the present climatology resulted in a larger lateral induction, which boosted the subduction rate, especially for the potential density anomaly (σθ) range of the lighter STMW (25.0 < σθ < 25.2 kg m−3) and lighter CMW (26.0 < σθ < 26.2 kg m−3), compared to previous estimates. The renewal time of permanent pycnocline water was estimated as the volume of water divided by the subduction rate for each σθ class: 2–4 years for ESTMW (24.5 < σθ < 25.2 kg m−3), 2 years for the lighter STMW (25.0 < σθ < 25.3 kg m−3), 5–9 years for the denser STMW (25.3 < σθ < 25.6 kg m−3), 10–20 years for the lighter CMW (26.0 < σθ < 26.2 kg m−3), 20–30 years for the middle CMW (26.2 < σθ < 26.3 kg m−3), and 60 years or longer for the denser CMW (26.3 < σθ < 26.6 kg m−3). A comparison of the water volume and subduction rate in potential temperature–salinity (θ–S) space indicated that the upper permanent pycnocline water (25.0 < σθ < 26.2 kg m−3) was directly maintained by nondiffusive subduction of winter surface water, including STMW and lighter CMW. The lower permanent pycnocline water (26.2 < σθ < 26.6 kg m−3) may be maintained through the subduction of fresher and colder water from the subarctic–subtropical transition region and subsequent mixing with saltier and warmer water. Diagnosis of the potential vorticity (PV) of the subducted water demonstrated that the low PV of STMW was mainly due to the large subduction rate, whereas that of both ESTMW and CMW was due mainly to the small density advection rate (cross-isopycnal flow). Additionally, a relatively large subduction rate probably contributes to the low PV of part of the lighter CMW (ESTMW) formed in the region around 38°N and 170°W (28°N and 145°W), which is characterized by a relatively thick winter mixed layer and an associated mixed-layer front, causing a large lateral induction rate. 相似文献
183.
Toshio Fukushima 《Journal of Geodesy》2012,86(9):745-754
The existing methods to compute the definite integral of associated Legendre function (ALF) with respect to the argument suffer from a loss of significant figures independently of the latitude. This is caused by the subtraction of similar quantities in the additional term of their recurrence formulas, especially the finite difference of their values between two endpoints of the integration interval. In order to resolve the problem, we develop a recursive algorithm to compute their finite difference. Also, we modify the algorithm to evaluate their definite integrals assuming that their values at one endpoint are known. We numerically confirm a significant increase in computing precision of the integral by the new method. When the interval is one arc minute, for example, the gain amounts to 2–4 digits for the degree of harmonics in the range 2 ≤ n ≤ 2,048. This improvement in precision is achieved at a negligible increase in CPU time, say less than 5%. 相似文献
184.
The forcing efficiency for the first and the second baroclinic modes by the wind stress in tropical oceans has been discussed by calculating equivalent forcing depth from annual mean, seasonal, and pentadal density profiles of the observational data. In the annual mean field, the first mode is forced preferentially in the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean, whereas the second mode is more strongly excited in the Atlantic and the eastern Pacific. This difference is mostly due to the pycnocline depth; the second mode is more dominantly forced where the pycnocline depth is shallower. We also revealed large seasonal variations of the second mode's equivalent forcing depth in the western Indian Ocean. The first mode is more dominantly forced during boreal spring and fall in the western Indian Ocean, while the second mode becomes more dominantly forced during boreal summer and winter. Those are due to seasonal variations of both the zonal wind and the pycnocline depth. Moreover, we show that the excitation of the second mode in the western Pacific increases after the late 1970s, which is associated with the decreasing trend of the zonal pycnocline gradient. Revealing the variation of the equivalent forcing depth will be useful for understanding the oceanic response to winds in tropical oceans and the improvement in the predictability of air-sea coupled climate variability in the tropics. 相似文献
185.
Takeshi Izumo Sébastien Masson Jérome Vialard Clément de Boyer Montegut Swadhin K. Behera Gurvan Madec Keiko Takahashi Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(4):669-683
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the main component of intraseasonal variability of the tropical convection, with clear
climatic impacts at an almost-global scale. Based on satellite observations, it is shown that there are two types of austral-summer
MJO events (broadly defined as 30–120 days convective variability with eastward propagation of about 5 m/s). Equatorial MJO
events have a period of 30–50 days and tend to be symmetric about the equator, whereas MJO events centered near 8°S tend to
have a longer period of 55–100 days. The lower-frequency variability is associated with a strong upper-ocean response, having
a clear signature in both sea surface temperature and its diurnal cycle. These two MJO types have different interannual variations,
and are modulated by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Following a negative IOD event, the lower-frequency southern MJO variability
increases, while the higher-frequency equatorial MJO strongly diminishes. We propose two possible explanations for this change
in properties of the MJO. One possibility is that changes in the background atmospheric circulation after an IOD favour the
development of the low-frequency MJO. The other possibility is that the shallower thermocline ridge and mixed layer depth,
by enhancing SST intraseasonal variability and thus ocean–atmosphere coupling in the southwest Indian Ocean (the breeding
ground of southern MJO onset), favour the lower-frequency southern MJO variability. 相似文献
186.
Using a non-linear statistical analysis called “self-organizing maps”, the interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variations
in the southern Indian Ocean are investigated. The SST anomalies during austral summer from 1951 to 2006 are classified into
nine types with differences in the position of positive and negative SST anomaly poles. To investigate the evolution of these
SST anomaly poles, heat budget analysis of mixed-layer using outputs from an ocean general circulation model is conducted.
The warming of the mixed-layer by the climatological shortwave radiation is enhanced (suppressed) as a result of negative
(positive) mixed-layer thickness anomaly over the positive (negative) SST anomaly pole. This contribution from shortwave radiation
is most dominant in the growth of SST anomalies. In contrast to the results reported so far, the contribution from latent
heat flux anomaly is not so important. The discrepancy in the analysis is explained by the modulation in the contribution
from the climatological heat flux by the interannual mixed-layer depth anomaly that was neglected in the past studies. 相似文献
187.
Suryachandra A. Rao Jing-Jia Luo Swadhin K. Behera Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2009,33(6):751-767
Evolution of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events in 2003, 2006 and 2007 is investigated using observational and re-analysis data
products. Efforts are made to understand various processes involved in three phases of IOD events; activation, maturation
and termination. Three different triggers are found to activate the IOD events. In preceding months leading to the IOD evolution,
the thermocline in southeastern Indian Ocean shoals by reflection of near equatorial upwelling Rossby waves at the East African
coast into anomalous upwelling equatorial Kelvin waves. Strengthening (weakening) of northern (southern) portion of ITCZ in
March/April and May/June of IOD years, leads to strengthening of alongshore winds along Sumatra/Java coasts. With the combined
shallow thermocline and increased latent heat flux due to enhanced wind speeds, the SST in the southeastern Indian Ocean cools
in following months. On intraseasonal time scales convection-suppressing phase of Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) propagates
from west to east in May/June of IOD year, and easterlies associated with this phase of MJO causes further shoaling of thermocline
in southeastern Indian Ocean, through anomalous upwelling Kelvin wave. All these three mechanisms appear to be involved in
initiating IOD event in 2006. On the other hand, except the strengthening/weakening of ITCZ, all other mechanisms are involved
in activation of 2003 IOD event. Activation of 2007 IOD event was due to propagation of convection-suppressing MJO in May/June
and strengthening of mean winds along Sumatra/Java coast from March to June through changes in convection. The IOD events
matured into full-fledged events in the following months after activation, by surface heat fluxes, vertical and horizontal
advection of cool waters supported by local along-shore upwelling favorable winds and remote equatorial easterly wind anomalies
through excitation of upwelling Kelvin waves. Propagating MJO signals in the tropical Indian Ocean brings significant changes
in evolution of IOD events on MJO time scales. Termination of 2003 and 2007 IOD events is achieved by strong convection-enhancing
MJOs propagating from west to east in the tropical Indian Ocean which deepen the thermocline in the southeastern equatorial
Indian Ocean. IOD event in 2006 was terminated by seasonal reversal of monsoon winds along Sumatra/Java coasts which stops
the local coastal upwelling. 相似文献
188.
Satyaban B. Ratna Swadhin Behera J. Venkata Ratnam Keiko Takahashi Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(2):421-441
Strong cases of the tropical temperate troughs (TTT) that are responsible for the most of the summer rainfall over subtropical southern Africa are analyzed. An index for identifying the TTT is introduced for the first time using anomalies of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the wind. The TTT is associated with a ridge-trough-ridge wave-like structure in the lower troposphere over southern Africa and the adjoining Indian Ocean. Therefore, the index considers physical processes that occur over southern Africa, adjoining the Atlantic and Indian Oceans to depict the variability of the TTT events. Unusually strong TTT events are identified when the standard deviations of the TTT indices defined by the OLR and wind anomalies in the selected regions are above 1.5 and 0.5 respectively. After applying this criterion and filtering out consecutive events, 55 TTT events are identified during the study period of December–January–February seasons from 1980–1981 to 2009–2010. From the composite analyses of those 55 events, it is found that the TTTs evolve with suppressed (enhanced) convection over the southwest Indian Ocean adjacent to Madagascar (southern Africa). The suppressed convection is, in turn, found to be associated with the enhanced convection around Sumatra in the southeast tropical Indian Ocean. This may explain why more TTT events occur in La Niña years as compared to El Niño years. Time evolution of the canonical TTT event shows that it starts 3 days prior to the mature phase of the event, suggesting possible predictability. After reaching a matured state, the system moves east toward the Indian Ocean and decays within the subsequent couple of days. In addition, the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) structure changes over Southern Africa/Madagascar during the TTT event and remains similar to climatology over other regions. The results indicate that the continental part of the ITCZ intensifies prior to the TTT event and then spreads southward following the mid-latitude influence during and after the event. 相似文献
189.
R. S. Ajayamohan H. Annamalai Jing-Jia Luo Jan Hafner Toshio Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(5-6):851-867
The study compares the simulated poleward migration characteristics of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations (BSISO) in a suite of coupled ocean?Catmospheric model sensitivity integrations. The sensitivity experiments are designed in such a manner to allow full coupling in specific ocean basins but forced by temporally varying monthly climatological sea surface temperature (SST) adopted from the fully coupled model control runs (ES10). While the local air?Csea interaction is suppressed in the tropical Indian Ocean and allowed in the other oceans in the ESdI run, it is suppressed in the tropical Pacific and allowed in the other oceans in the ESdP run. Our diagnostics show that the basic mean state in precipitation and easterly vertical shear as well as the BSISO properties remain unchanged due to either inclusion or exclusion of local air?Csea interaction. In the presence of realistic easterly vertical shear, the continuous emanation of Rossby waves from the equatorial convection is trapped over the monsoon region that enables the poleward propagation of BSISO anomalies in all the model sensitivity experiments. To explore the internal processes that maintain the tropospheric moisture anomalies ahead of BSISO precipitation anomalies, moisture and moist static energy budgets are performed. In all model experiments, advection of anomalous moisture by climatological winds anchors the moisture anomalies that in turn promote the northward migration of BSISO precipitation. While the results indicate the need for realistic simulation of all aspects of the basic state, our model results need to be taken with caution because in the ECHAM family of coupled models the internal variance at intraseasonal timescales is indeed very high, and therefore local air?Csea interactions may not play a pivotal role. 相似文献
190.