Validation of precipitation over Japan during 1985–2004 simulated by three regional climate models and two multi-model ensemble means     

Yasuhiro Ishizaki  Toshiyuki Nakaegawa  Izuru Takayabu 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(1-2):185-206

We dynamically downscaled Japanese reanalysis data (JRA-25) for 60 regions of Japan using three regional climate models (RCMs): the Non-Hydrostatic Regional Climate Model (NHRCM), modified RAMS version 4.3 (NRAMS), and modified Weather Research and Forecasting model (TWRF). We validated their simulations of the precipitation climatology and interannual variations of summer and winter precipitation. We also validated precipitation for two multi-model ensemble means: the arithmetic ensemble mean (AEM) and an ensemble mean weighted according to model reliability. In the 60 regions NRAMS simulated both the winter and summer climatological precipitation better than JRA-25, and NHRCM simulated the wintertime precipitation better than JRA-25. TWRF, however, overestimated precipitation in the 60 regions in both the winter and summer, and NHRCM overestimated precipitation in the summer. The three RCMs simulated interannual variations, particularly summer precipitation, better than JRA-25. AEM simulated both climatological precipitation and interannual variations during the two seasons more realistically than JRA-25 and the three RCMs overall, but the best RCM was often superior to the AEM result. In contrast, the weighted ensemble mean skills were usually superior to those of the best RCM. Thus, both RCMs and multi-model ensemble means, especially multi-model ensemble means weighted according to model reliability, are powerful tools for simulating seasonal and interannual variability of precipitation in Japan under the current climate.  相似文献   

Neutron Activation Analysis of Nine GSJ Sedimentary Rock Reference Samples     

Naomi AOTA  Yutaka MIYAMOTO  Sakae KOSANDA  Yasuji OURA  Toshiyuki OKUI  Koh SAKAMOTO 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1994,18(2):185-193

Nine rock reference samples "Sedimentary rock series" issued by the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) were analysed for up to 31 elements by neutron activation analysis (NAA); 14MeV-NAA for Si and Al, fission track method for U, radiochemical and instrumental NAA for rare-earth elements, and instrumental NAA for the remaining elements, with reactor neutrons for the latter three. The present results are compared with reported values.  相似文献   

Initial behavior of granite in response to injection of CO₂-saturated fluid     

Yuko Suto  Lihui Liu  Nakamichi Yamasaki  Toshiyuki Hashida 《Applied Geochemistry》2007

To understand the initial reactions of granite in a CO₂-saturated hydrothermal system, experiments were conducted using a batch-type autoclave over a temperature range of 100–350 °C at up to 250 bar and numerical computations of phase equilibria based on the experimental results were carried out. The experiments showed that the dissolution of granite and the deposition of secondary minerals were encouraged by the addition of CO₂. Solution chemistry and examination of the granite’s surface texture suggested that its initial dissolution is characterized by the release of Na and Ca (from the dissolution of plagioclase) and that initial precipitation occurs by deposition of some secondary minerals on to plagioclase and/or biotite in the CO₂-saturated system. However, the effect of CO₂ was small at 350 °C owing to the low activity of H₂CO₃. According to EDX analysis and numerical phase equilibrium calculations, the secondary minerals formed might be kaolinite, muscovite, smectite and calcite. That is, the granite as a whole might have the potential to take-up dissolved CO₂. The results suggest that the alteration of granite under CO₂-saturated hydrothermal conditions has the potential to capture CO₂ when it is injected at moderate temperatures (150–250 °C) into granite-hosted rock masses.  相似文献   

Operational Data Assimilation System for the Kuroshio South of Japan: Reanalysis and Validation   总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3  

Masafumi Kamachi  Tsurane Kuragano  Hiroshi Ichikawa  Hirohiko Nakamura  Ayako Nishina  Atsuhiko Isobe  Daisuke Ambe  Masazumi Arai  Noriaki Gohda  Satoshi Sugimoto  Kumi Yoshita  Toshiyuki Sakurai  Francesco Uboldi 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(2):303-312

We describe an operational ocean data assimilation system for the Kuroshio and its validation using a nine-year reanalysis (historical run from 1993 to 2001) dataset of upper-ocean state estimation in the North Pacific. The horizontal structure of volume transport of the Ryukyu Current System (RCS) is shown from the reanalysis: The RCS is connected to the flow of the subtropical gyre, and its volume transport gradually increases from south-east of Okinawa (5–10 Sv) to the east of Amami-Ohshima Island (20 Sv). Comparing the reanalysis with independent observations on the southeast slope of the Amami-Ohshima Island indicates that the root mean square differences (RMSDs) are 0.076 (0.037) m/s in the period of December 1998 to November 1999 (November 1999 to November 2000) respectively. The reanalysis field has a bias (3.1 Sv) of the volume transport of the RCS and the RMSD (3.5 Sv) which is larger than the observed variability (2.81 Sv). Surface velocity and the Kuroshio axis south of Japan are also examined. Comparison of the reanalysis and ADCP data gave maximum RMSD of 0.749 (0.271) m/s in the strong (weak) current regions, respectively. The annual mean value of the axis error is 19 km in 1998. The RMSD of the error is at most 50 km, in 294 cases in the observation period, which is smaller than the observed root mean square variability of the axis (64 km). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Chitinozoans and scolecodonts from the Silurian and Devonian of Japan     

Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke  Olle Hints  Mark Williams  Simon Wallis  Jules Velleman  Toshiyuki Kurihara  Gengo Tanaka  Toshifumi Komatsu  Peep Mnnik  David J. Siveter  Tim de Backer 《Island Arc》2019,28(3)

Silurian and Devonian chitinozoans and scolecodonts are recorded from strata of the Hida‐Gaien Terrane, central Honshu. Silurian chitinozoans include Eisenackitina, Bursachitina, and the species Angochitina elongata. The latter provides a precise biostratigraphical tie between the Japanese succession and the Type Ludlow Series of the Welsh Borderland, UK, and indicates a Ludlow age (Gorstian or early Ludfordian) for the upper member of the Yoshiki Formation in the Ichinotani Valley. Chitinozoans from other Yoshiki Formation localities contain other specimens of Lagenochitinidae. Scolecodonts are more common than chitinozoans in the palynological residues, but are mostly represented by fragments or minor apparatus elements with a low biostratigraphical value. However, material from the Yoshiki and Fukuji Formations includes several species of Mochtyella as well as representatives of Oenonites, Kettnerites, Lunoprionella, Vistulella? and possibly other placognath taxa. Scolecodonts are also present in the Silurian Middle Member of the Gionyama Formation, Kyushu, including a well‐preserved jaw of Pistoprion, and fragments of putative Kettnerites and Oenonites. These finds of scolecodonts suggest close similarity in assemblages between Paleozoic polychaete faunas of Japanese terranes and those of Baltica‐Laurentia.  相似文献   

Coastal vulnerability assessment of the future sea level rise in Udupi coastal zone of Karnataka state, west coast of India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G.S. Dwarakish  S.A. Vinay  Usha Natesan  Toshiyuki Asano  Taro Kakinuma  Katta Venkataramana  B. Jagadeesha Pai  M.K. Babita   《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(9):467-478

Udupi coast in Karnataka state, along the west coast of India, selected as a study area, is well known for sandy beaches, aquaculture ponds, lush greenery, temples and major and minor industries. It lies between 13°00′00″–13°45′00″ north latitudes and 74°47′30″–74°30′00″ east longitudes, the length of the coastline is 95 km, and is oriented along the NNW–SSE direction. It is vulnerable to accelerated sea level rise (SLR) due to its low topography and its high ecological and touristy value. The present study has been carried out with a view to calculate the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) to know the high and low vulnerable areas and area of inundation due to future SLR, and land loss due to coastal erosion. Both conventional and remotely sensed data were used and analysed through the modelling technique and by using ERDAS Imagine and geographical information system software. The rate of erosion was 0.6018 km²/yr during 2000–2006 and around 46 km of the total 95 km stretch is under critical erosion. Out of the 95 km stretch coastline, 59% is at very high risk, 7% high, 4% moderate and 30% in the low vulnerable category, due to SLR. Results of the inundation analysis indicate that 42.19 km² and 372.08 km² of the land area will be submerged by flooding at 1 m and 10 m inundation levels. The most severely affected sectors are expected to be the residential and recreational areas, agricultural land, and the natural ecosystem. As this coast is planned for future coastal developmental activities, measures such as building regulation, urban growth planning, development of an integrated coastal zone management, strict enforcement of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Act 1991, monitoring of impacts and further research in this regard are recommended for the study area.  相似文献   

Upper Silurian and Devonian pelagic deep-water radiolarian chert from the Khangai–Khentei belt of Central Mongolia: Evidence for Middle Paleozoic subduction–accretion activity in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt     

Toshiyuki Kurihara  Kazuhiro Tsukada  Shigeru Otoh  Kenji Kashiwagi  Minjin Chuluun  Dorjsuren Byambadash  Bujinlkham Boijir  Sersmaa Gonchigdorj  Manchuk Nuramkhan  Masakazu Niwa  Tetsuya Tokiwa  Gen’ya Hikichi  Takafumi Kozuka 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2009,34(2):209-225

Recent mapping projects undertaken in Central Mongolia have revealed the widespread occurrence of radiolarian chert within a Paleozoic accretionary complex. We present the results of the first detailed tectonostratigraphic and radiolarian biostratigraphic investigations of the Gorkhi Formation in the Khangai–Khentei belt of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The Gorkhi Formation consists of sandstone shale, alternating sandstone and shale of turbidite affinity and chert with small amounts of siliceous shale, basalt, limestone, and clast-bearing mudstone. Radiolarian chert that is completely devoid of terrigenous clastic material is commonly associated with underlying basalt (sedimentary contact) and with conformably overlying siliceous shale and turbidite deposits. The tectonic stacking of basalt–chert and chert–turbidite successions is the most remarkable structural feature of the formation.The recovery of moderately well-preserved radiolarians and conodonts from red chert led to the recognition of four radiolarian assemblages that have a combined age range from the latest Silurian (Pridolian) to the Late Devonian (Frasnian). No age control exists for the siliceous shale, shale, and sandstone, although they are considered to be latest Devonian or slightly younger on the basis of stratigraphic relationships with underlying chert.The Gorkhi Formation has previously been interpreted as a thick sedimentary basin deposit overlying an unexposed Archean–Neoproterozoic basement; however, the stratigraphy within individual tectonic slices clearly corresponds to that of an ocean plate stratigraphy of an accretionary complex generated by the trenchward movement of an oceanic plate. From the lowermost to uppermost units, the stratigraphy comprises ocean floor basalt, pelagic deep-water radiolarian chert, hemipelagic siliceous shale, and terrigenous turbidite deposits. The biostratigraphic data obtained in the present study provide corroborating evidence for the existence of an extensive deep-water ocean that enabled the continuous sedimentation of pelagic chert over a period of nearly 50 million years. These data, together with structural data characterized by tectonic repetition of the stratigraphy, indicate that these rocks formed as an accretionary wedge along an active continental margin, possibly that of the Angara Craton. The mid-oceanic chert was probably deposited in the Northern Hemisphere portion of the Paleo–Pacific Ocean that faced the Angara Craton and the North China–Tarim blocks. Thus, we propose that subduction–accretion processes along the Paleo–Pacific rim played an important role in the accretionary growth of the active continental margin of the Angara Craton, directly influencing the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.  相似文献   

The processes of semi-enclosed basin–ocean water exchange across a tidal mixing zone     

Taira Nagai  Toshiyuki Hibiya 《Journal of Oceanography》2011,67(4):533-539

To assess each of the two possible mechanisms responsible for the fortnightly modulation of semi-enclosed basin–ocean water exchange (‘density tides’), a set of numerical experiments is carried out using a vertically two-dimensional numerical model with realistic situations in Puget Sound in mind. It is found that, although the localized vertical viscosity (or the localized vertical diffusivity) enhanced in the entrance sill region primarily controls the bottom-water transport (or the bottom-water density) during spring tides, it does not lead to any appreciable variations of bottom-water density (or bottom-water transport). This indicates that the fortnightly modulation of vertical viscosity and that of vertical diffusivity both play important roles in creating density tides. In the real ocean, the vertical viscosity and diffusivity are enhanced simultaneously during spring tides, so that it is difficult to discriminate between both effects on density tides. This causes the widespread misunderstanding that density tides are mainly caused by the decreased advection of dense bottom-water from outside due to the enhanced vertical viscosity during spring tides.  相似文献   

Analysis of Water Injection in Fractured Reservoirs Using a Fractional-Derivative-Based Mass and Heat Transfer Model     

Anna Suzuki  Yuichi Niibori  Sergei A. Fomin  Vladimir A. Chugunov  Toshiyuki Hashida 《Mathematical Geosciences》2015,47(1):31-49

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Message from the new Editor-in-Chief     

Toshiyuki Hibiya 《Journal of Oceanography》2011,67(2):147-147

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