土石坝漫顶溃决及洪水演进研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

周建银  姚仕明  王敏  朱勇辉  陈栋 《水科学进展》2020,31(2):287-301

土石坝漫顶溃决往往在其下游产生巨大的洪水灾难,研究坝体溃决及洪水演进是防灾减灾的需要。对土石坝漫顶溃决过程现象、机理及其模拟的研究进展进行了综述。讨论了物理模型试验的尺度设计,总结了不同尺度、不同类型、不同条件溃坝试验的研究成果;按照参数模型、简化物理模型、精细物理模型,分类总结了漫顶溃坝数学模型研究进展;阐述了溃坝洪水演进方面的试验与模拟研究。在此基础上,对该研究领域今后的研究工作提出了若干展望,包括河道边界对溃坝过程及溃坝洪水传播过程的影响、非均质土石坝溃决机理、溃坝过程中挟沙水流冲蚀规律、溃坝下游河床的冲淤调整及泥沙分选、溃坝对水生态环境的冲击影响等。  相似文献   

Dynamics of local extreme rainfall of super Typhoon Soudelor (2015) in East China     

Jinsong Pan  Daigao Teng  Fuqing Zhang  Lingli Zhou  Ling Luo  Yonghui Weng  Yunji Zhang 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2018,61(5):572-594

The characteristics and dynamics associated with the distribution, intensity, and triggering factors of local severe precipitation in Zhejiang Province induced by Super Typhoon Soudelor (2015) were investigated using mesoscale surface observations, radar reflectivity, satellite nephograms, and the final (FNL) analyses of the Global Forecasting System (GFS) of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The rainfall processes during Soudelor’s landfall and translation over East China could be separated into four stages based on rainfall characteristics such as distribution, intensity, and corresponding dynamics. The relatively less precipitation in the first stage resulted from interaction between the easterly wind to the north flank of this tropical cyclone (TC) and the coastal topography along the southeast of Zhejiang Province, China. With landfall of the TC in East China during the second stage, precipitation maxima occurred because of interaction between the TC’s principal rainbands and the local topography from northeastern Fujian Province to southwestern Zhejiang Province. The distribution of precipitation presented significant asymmetric features in the third stage with maximal rainfall bands in the northeast quadrant of the TC when Soudelor’s track turned from westward to northward as the TC decayed rapidly. Finally, during the northward to northeastward translation of the TC in the fourth stage, the interaction between a mid-latitude weather system and the northern part of the TC resulted in transfer of the maximum rainfall from the north of Zhejiang Province to the north of Jiangsu Province, which represented the end of rainfall in Zhejiang Province. Further quantitative calculations of the rainfall rate induced by the interaction between local topography and TC circulation (defined as “orographic effects”) in the context of a one-dimensional simplified model showed that orographic effects were the primary factor determining the intensity of precipitation in this case, and accounted for over 50% of the total precipitation. The asymmetric distribution of the TC’s rainbands was closely related to the asymmetric distribution of moisture resulted from changes of the TC’s structure, and led to asymmetric distribution of local intense precipitation induced by Soudelor. Based on analysis of this TC, it could be concluded that local severe rainfall in the coastal regions of East China is closely related to changes of TC structure and intensity, as well as the outer rainbands. In addition, precipitation intensity and duration will increase correspondingly because of the complex interactions between the TC and local topography, and the particular TC track along large-scale steering flow. The results of this study may be useful for the understanding, prediction, and warning of disasters induced by local extreme rainfall caused by TCs, especially for facilitating forecasting and warning of flooding and mudslides associated with torrential rain caused by interactions between landfalling TCs and coastal topography.  相似文献   

青海省4-9月连阴雨时空特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

康晓燕  李甫  颜海前  薛丽梅  侯永慧 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2023,17(4):69-77

基于1961—2020年青海省48个台站4—9月的降水、总云量和日照时数日资料，计算得到青海省各站连阴雨发生次数、持续天数和累计降水量，并通过旋转经验正交函数分解（REOF）、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析和趋势系数等方法分析了青海省连阴雨时空间分布特征。结果表明：青海省连阴雨年平均发生次数为4次，持续天数为26 d，累计降水量为122.0 mm：空间上表现出东南方向向西北方向减弱的特点，时间上青海西部呈增加趋势，而东部则呈减少趋势；连阴雨累计降水量REOF空间分区分为东部区、中部区、南部区、西北区和西南区，其中前3个区累计降水量呈现减少趋势，后两个呈增加趋势；各区域突变时间分别为1988年、1969年、2005年、1974和1975年；5个区域的降水周期特征存在不同周期的嵌套，各区域普遍存在2—3 a的周期振荡。  相似文献   

沾化县采油区土壤环境污染机理探讨     

蒙永辉  于得芹  张永伟 《山东国土资源》2009,25(6):39-41

在石油的开采过程中，会产生大量含油废水、有害的废泥浆以及其他一些污染物，如果处理不好就会严重污染周边土壤环境。本次调查以沾化县境采油区为重点，采用了专项地质环境调查、人力浅钻、渗水试验、淋滤试验及土壤监测等方法；查明了油气污染物的污染类型、污染机理、污染程度和迁移变化趋势，并提出治理与保护对策。  相似文献