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Vast areas of rangelands across the world are grazed with increasing intensity, but interactions between livestock production, biodiversity and other ecosystem services are poorly studied. This study explicitly determines trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and livestock grazing intensity on rangelands. Grazing intensity and its effects on forage utilization by livestock, carbon sequestration, erosion prevention and biodiversity are quantified and mapped, using global datasets and models. Results show that on average 4% of the biomass produced annually is consumed by livestock. On average, erosion prevention is 10% lower in areas with a high grazing intensity compared to areas with a low grazing intensity, whereas carbon emissions are more than four times higher under high grazing intensity compared to low grazing intensity. Rangelands with the highest grazing intensity are located in the Sahel, Pakistan, West India, Middle East, North Africa and parts of Brazil. These high grazing intensities result in carbon emissions, low biodiversity values, low capacity for erosion prevention and unsustainable forage utilization. Although the applied models simplify the processes of ecosystem service supply, our study provides a global overview of the consequences of grazing for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The expected increasing future demand for livestock products likely increase pressures on rangelands. Global-scale models can help to identify targets and target areas for international policies aiming at sustainable future use of these rangelands. 相似文献
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运用常规气象观测资料,从天气环流形势的演变过程及有关物理量变化状况,对2010年3月19—20日发生在乌兰察布地区沙尘天气过程做了客观分析。分析结果表明：造成这次沙尘天气过程的主要影响天气系统是蒙古气旋和地面冷锋。蒙古气旋后部西北强冷空气侵入为起源于蒙古国西南部以及内蒙古西中部周边沙尘的输送提供了动力条件;地面冷锋过境使该地区温度梯度增大,空气对流上升加剧,为上游输送而来的尘土、沙石卷入空中浮悬提供了抬升条件。两者共同作用促使沙尘天气过程持续时间长、范围广,并伴有扬沙和沙尘暴出现。 相似文献
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Natalia Rudaya Pavel Tarasov Nadezhda Dorofeyuk Nadia Solovieva Ivan Kalugin Andrei Andreev Andrei Daryin Bernhard Diekmann Frank Riedel Narantsetseg Tserendash Mayke Wagner 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(5-6):540-554
This study presents the results of the palynological and diatom analyses of the sediment core recovered in Hoton-Nur Lake (48°37′18″N, 88°20′45″E, 2083 m) in 2004. Quantitative reconstruction of the Holocene vegetation and climate dynamics in the semiarid Mongolian Altai suggests that boreal woodland replaced the primarily open landscape of northwestern Mongolia at about 10 kyr BP (1 kyr = 1000 cal yr) in response to a noticeable increase in precipitation from 200–250 mm/yr to 450–550 mm/yr. A decline of the forest vegetation and a return to a predominance of open vegetation types occurred after 5 kyr BP when precipitation sums decreased to 250–300 mm/yr. Prior to 11.5 kyr BP diatom concentrations are relatively low and the lake is dominated by planktonic Cyclotella and small Fragilariaceae, suggesting the existence of a relatively deep and oligotrophic/mesotrophic lake. The great abundance of Staurosirella pinnata from the beginning of the record until 10.7 kyr BP might imply intensified erosion processes in the catchment and this is fully consistent with the presence of scarce and dry vegetation and the generally arid climate during this period. From about 10.7 kyr BP, more planktonic diatom taxa appeared and increased in abundance, indicating that the lake became more productive as diatom concentration increased. This change correlates well with the development of boreal woodland in the catchment. Decrease in precipitation and changes in the vegetation towards steppe are reflected by the rapid increase in Aulacoseira distans from about 5 kyr BP. The Holocene pollen and diatom records do not indicate soil and vegetation cover disturbances by the anthropogenic activities, implying that the main transformations of the regional vegetation occurred as a result of the natural climate change. Our reconstruction is in agreement with the paleomonsoon records from China, demonstrating an abrupt strengthening of the summer monsoon at 12 kyr BP and an associated increase in precipitation and in lake levels between 11 and 8 kyr BP, followed by the stepwise attenuation of the monsoon circulation and climate aridization towards the modern level. The records from the neighboring areas of Kazakhstan and Russia, situated west and north of Hoton-Nur, demonstrate spatially and temporally different Holocene vegetation and climate histories, indicating that the Altai Mountains as a climate boundary are of pivotal importance for the Holocene environmental and, possibly, habitation history of Central Asia. 相似文献
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Past research suggests that how we perceive risk can be related to how we attribute responsibility for risk-related issues, such as climate change; however, a gap in research lies in exploring possible connections between attribution of responsibility, risk perception, and information processing. Using the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model, this study fills this gap by examining how RISP-based variables are related to information processing and whether attribution of responsibility for mitigating climate change influences communication behaviors that are often predicted by elevated risk perceptions. Undergraduates at two large research universities (N = 572) were randomly assigned to read one of two newspaper articles that emphasized either individual responsibility (by highlighting personal actions) or societal responsibility (by highlighting government policy) for climate change mitigation. Results indicate that subjects in the individual responsibility condition were significantly more likely to process the message in a systematic manner; however, attribution of responsibility did not interact with risk perception to influence systematic processing. Moreover, attitudes toward climate change information and negative affect mediated the relationship between other key variables and systematic processing. These and other findings suggest that strategic communication about climate change may benefit from emphasizing individual responsibility to attract more attention from diverse audiences and to promote deeper thinking about the issue. Additional theoretical implications are presented. 相似文献
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1998年夏季青藏高原东南部降水30~60 d低频振荡特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据地面观测站的逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,分析了1998年夏季青藏高原东南部地区的低频降水特征,并重点讨论了30～60 d低频降水正、负位相期间相关要素场低频分量的异常分布及传播特征。结果表明:(1)1998年高原东南部降水存在10～20、20～30以及30～60 d周期的低频振荡,其中30～60 d振荡的正(负)位相基本对应着降水的盛(间歇)期。(2)在降水正(负)位相期间,高原南侧存在一个低频气旋(反气旋),而日本海上空维持着一个异常低频反气旋(气旋),受高原南侧低频气旋(反气旋)东北侧的偏南(北)气流以及日本海上空低频反气旋(气旋)西南侧的偏南(北)气流的共同影响,高原东南部为明显的低频水汽辐合(散)区。(3)在低频降水正位相期间,高原地区经孟加拉湾至中南半岛到南海均为低频热源区;负位相,热源、汇低频分量的分布与正位相基本相反。(4)1998年夏季存在从西太平洋经长江中下游西传至高原地区的30～60 d整层积分水汽通量辐合(散)和100 hPa低频辐散(合),且西传至高原东南部时基本与高原东南部30～60 d低频降水的正(负)位相对应。 相似文献
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黑潮冬季海温对我国东北地区夏季降水预测信号的增强 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
统计分析结果表明,黑潮冬季海温和东北夏季降水的关系有非常明显的年代际变化,表现为从20世纪50-60年代弱的正相关逐步转变为现阶段很强的负相关。尤其是在东北夏季降水异常年份,黑潮海温呈明显的反位相变化,因此可被视为一个非常有效的前兆预测信号。分析了可能的影响机制,即当前期黑潮海温偏低时,海洋热力异常的持续性会导致其夏季低层出现反气旋式风场距平环流,在西太平洋副热带高压(副高)西北侧出现东北风距平及在东北冷涡东南侧出现西南风距平,导致在副高区和东北冷涡区均形成气旋式距平环流系统,从而减弱了副高并增强了东北冷涡。反之,黑潮海温偏高时,其上空气旋式距平环流系统将减弱东北冷涡强度和增强副高强度。这是黑潮海温影响东北夏季降水异常的主要原因。 相似文献
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在同化系统中使用更合理的背景误差协方差对于得到更良好的同化效果至关重要。首先采用NMC方法针对中国区域构建更适合WRF-ARW区域预报系统的B矩阵,并对比分析了其与GSI同化系统预设的NCEP预报系统的B矩阵在分析变量间的平衡关系、分析控制变量的标准差、水平和垂直特征尺度等方面的特征差异。参照这些特征差异设计单点观测试验、背景误差协方差调优参数敏感性试验,确定针对中国区域构建B矩阵的最佳调优参数。并讨论其对一次季风低压强降水天气过程的循环同化和预报效果的影响。结果表明,采用最佳调优参数使用针对中国区域构建B矩阵的试验(Sen6)对V风分量场和相对湿度场的预报性能改进显著,同时也引出了GSI同化系统背景误差协方差参数调优(尤其是水平特征尺度参数调整)的两难问题。在此基础上,采用Hybrid同化方法使用针对中国区域构建B矩阵的循环同化试验(Hyb3)可以进一步改善预报效果,并在一定程度上修正个例模拟雨带的位置。 相似文献
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气候变化对黄河内蒙古段凌汛期的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于黄河内蒙古段1961-2009年气象与水文观测资料,选取黄河内蒙古段上游磴口站和下游托克托县作为研究对象,利用数理统计等方法,分析凌汛最危险地段上下游气候变化与凌汛期的关系。得出:①黄河内蒙古段的凌汛灾害是黄河上游的河道气温比下段高以及地形比降小等,形成黄河内蒙古段下游先封河、上游先开河的局面,导致磴口到托克托县段成为凌险最严重的地段。②随着气候变暖,近50 a黄河内蒙古段开河期提早、封河期推后,凌汛期缩短。尤其在1987年气温发生突变之后,开河期提早和推后趋势更为明显。同时气温突变之后,凌汛期平均温度变异系数增大,封、开河期冷暖变化剧烈,致使封开河期的波动性增大。③影响黄河内蒙古河段开、封河的关键因素是日平均气温小于-5 ℃的积温、日平均气温小于-5 ℃持续时间和封、开河期温度以及封、开河期流量大小等。极端温度事件如寒冷日数、冷夜指数和冷日指数的减少,以及暖夜指数和暖日指数的显著增加也是影响黄河内蒙古段凌汛期缩短的原因之一。 相似文献