Study of Aerodynamic Parameters on Different Underling Surfaces     

MAO Yuhao  LIU Shuhu  ZHANG Chenyi  LIU Lichao  LI Jing 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2007,21(1):87-97

Aerodynamic parameters including the zero-plane displacement (d), roughness length (20), and friction velocity (u*) on the different underlying surfaces of heavy-grazing site, medium-grazing site, light-grazing site, no-grazing site, dune, inter-dune, grassland, rice paddy site, wheat site, soybean site, and maize site have been computed based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory by utilizing the micrometeorologically observed data of dune and vegetation in the semi-arid area at Naiman, Inner Mongolia of China, conducted jointly by the Institute of Desert Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences of Japan in 1990-1994. And their relationships between wind speed and Richardson number are analyzed. The aerodynamic characteristics of different man-made disturbed grassland ecosystems are also compared. Result shows that the vegetation coverage and the above-ground biomass decrease with the increase in man-made stress of the grassland. The roughness length for different underlying surfaces is closely related to vegetation height, above-ground biomass, and ground surface undulation, and Richardson number Ri is also its influencing factor. The friction velocity varies largely on different underlying surfaces, and it is positively proportional to wind speed and roughness length. The aerodynamic parameters of various times on the same underlying surface are different, too. Above results indicate that grassland and vegetation are of significance in preventing desertification, especially in the arid and semi-arid land ecosystems. And the results of this paper are also important for constructing the land surface physical process as well as regional climate model.  相似文献   

A quarter century of TOMS total column ozone measurements over Brazil     

《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2007,69(12):1447-1458

The Earth's atmosphere has been probed since 1978 by the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) experiment. In polar orbits around the Earth, Nimbus 7, Meteor 3, and Earth Probe satellites have carried TOMS to measure the backscattered solar ultraviolet radiation, which is processed by Version 8 TOMS algorithm for the retrieval of column ozone values. These TOMS data and their behavior are reported and investigated in this work for some sites in the equatorial and tropical zones of Brazil. Comparison with measurements from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers in some cases is provided. An average difference as low as 1.5% between TOMS and Brewer measurements was obtained. In addition, more than two decades of TOMS monthly average column ozone measurements were applied to the calculation of ozone trends. Although small and in general negative, these trends were statistically significant for all sites in the winter season.  相似文献   

Seasonal Transition Features of Large-Scale Moisture Transport in the Asian-Australian Monsoon Region   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

何金海  孙丞虎  刘芸芸  李维京 《大气科学进展》2007,24(1):1-14

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the period of 1957-2001, the climatological seasonal transition features of large-scale vertically integrated moisture transport （VIMT） in the Asian-Australian monsoon region are investigated in this paper. The basic features of the seasonal transition of VIMT from winter to summer are the establishment of the summertime ＂great moisture river＂ pattern （named the GMR pattern） and its eastward expansion, associated with a series of climatological events which occurred in some ＂key periods＂, which include the occurrence of the notable southerly VIMT over the Indochina Peninsula in mid March, the activity of the low VIMT vortex around Sri Lanka in late April, and the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon in mid May, among others. However, during the transition from summer to winter, the characteristics are mainly exhibited by the establishment of the easterly VIMT belt located in the tropical area, accompanied by some events occurring in ＂key periods＂. Further analyses disclose a great difference between the Indian and East Asian monsoon regions when viewed from the meridional migration of the westerly VIMT during the seasonal change process, according to which the Asian monsoon region can be easily divided into two parts along the western side of the Indochina Peninsula and it may also denote different formation mechanisms between the two regions.  相似文献   

一个改进的陆面过程模式及其模拟试验研究第一部分:陆面过程模式及其“独立(off-line)”模拟试验和模式性能分析   总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14  

张晶  丁一汇 《气象学报》1998,56(1):1-19

文中在综合比较过去各类陆面过程模式优缺点的基础上,主要参考ＢＡＴＳ模式,发展了一个陆面过程模式（ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ）。它具有以下几个特征：１．采用物理方程和经验解析公式相结合的方法进行土壤温度和土壤水汽的求解。在上层土壤,土壤分层较细并采用温度传导和水汽扩散方程求解,而在下层土壤,土壤分层较粗并利用经验方法处理。２．考虑了降水分布的次网格特征及其对陆面水文产生的重要影响。３．较全面地考虑了雪盖对陆面过程的各种影响：对陆面水文的影响、对土壤热传导的影响以及雪盖的高反照率对辐射收支的影响。利用３组单点观测试验资料对陆面过程模式ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ进行了“独立（ｏｆ－ｌｉｎｅ）”模拟试验。模拟结果表明陆面过程模式ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ具有较好的模拟性能,能够比较准确地模拟不同气候区的多种下垫面类型的陆面过程变化特点,模拟结果与观测基本一致。进而又利用一组观测资料和模式ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ进行了一系列敏感性模拟试验,试验结果表明模式ＬＰＭ－ＺＤ对一些参数的确定非常敏感,如初始土壤水汽、植被的物理特性参数以及降水次网格分布因子等,因此提高确定这些参数的准确性是改进陆面模式的重要内容之一。  相似文献   

Fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from a temperate forest soil: the effects of leaves and humus layers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Y. DONG  D. SCHARFFE  J. M. LOBERT  P. J. CRUTZEN  E. SANHUEZA 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》1998,50(3):243-252

  相似文献   

对流层平流层气溶胶粒子的形态和化学组成   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  

许黎  樊小标  石广玉  岩坂泰信  奥原靖彦  原圭一郎  龚知本  周军 《气象学报》1998,56(5):551-559

分析研究了１９９３年和１９９４年的８月、９月在香河地区上空采集的单个气溶胶粒子的形态及化学元素和化合物的组成。结果表明：１９９３年,在对流层大气中的气溶胶颗粒经常出现不规则形的粒子,可能是土壤粒子;而在平流层大气中的颗粒以具有“卫星”结构的硫酸粒子为主;硫酸铵粒子则经常出现在对流层的中、下部。香河地区上空颗粒物的化学元素组成比较复杂,单一化学元素组成的粒子较少,粒子主要含有Ｓｉ,Ｆｅ,Ａｌ和Ｓ等元素。气溶胶的化合物有硫酸盐、硅酸盐、硝酸盐和磷酸盐等  相似文献   

NATURE OF PRECIPITATION AND ACTIVITY OF CUMULUS CONVECTION DURING THE 1991 MEIYU SEASON OF CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE RIVER BASIN^*     

Lu Er  Ding Yihui  Masato Murakami  Kiyotoshi Takahashi 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1998,12(1):75-91

Seasonal variability regarding the nature of precipitation and the activity of cumulus convection during the 1991 Meiyu season of Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin(Jianghuai)has been investigated by calculating apparent heat source/apparent moisture sink and analyzing TBB(cloud-top blackody radiation temperature)data.It is found that three periods of strong ascending motion during the Meiyu season lead to three episodes of heavy rain,and the latent heat due to the precipitation is of the sole heat source of the atmosphere.The nature of precipitation shows distinct seasonal variability,from frontal precipitation of the first episode to the extremely strong convective precipitation of the third episode.TBB field of East Asia may well reflect not only the intensity of convection and rainfall,but also the movement of rain belt and convection belt.In the whole Meiyu season.convection belt mainly stays in Jianghuai.but may shift within the domain of East Asia.Its locating in Jianghuai or not determines the maintenance or break of Meiyu.In the third episode,the narrow convection belt over Jianghuai is mainly caused by southwest monsoon which takes moist and convective atmosphere from tropical ocean.  相似文献   

农业自然风险评估及区域农业保险费率的确定方法   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10       下载免费PDF全文

郭迎春  阎宜玲 《应用气象学报》1998,9(2):231-238

根据农业自然灾害的时空分布规律,对于不同地域、不同作物在不同的生长季内所遭受的自然灾害,确定出作物受灾级别和损失程度,提出农业自然灾害损失率的计算和分区方法,并制定出区域农业保险费率的确定方法。其方法和结论可供其它区域开展类似保险项目研究和业务工作参考。  相似文献   

北半球大气遥相关型的统计诊断及数值试验   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

彭世球  章基嘉 《应用气象学报》1998,9(1):65-71

此项研究旨在通过对北半球大气遥相关型的统计诊断及数值试验,探讨旬平均尺度遥相关型的存在和时空规律及其成因,以及各遥相关型之间的相互关系。结果表明:5种遥相关型在旬时间尺度上表现得十分清楚,且具有冬强夏弱的特点;各种遥相关型特征指数时间序列具有随时间演变的一般规律;某些海区的海温异常能激发出一定的遥相关型,5种遥相关型之间存在非线性相互作用;各种遥相关型特征指数能反映一定的大气环流和天气异常的特征,因而可以作为研究长期天气过程和预报方法的依据。  相似文献   

AN IMPROVED LAND-SURFACE PROCESS MODEL AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT——PART I:LAND-SURFACE PROCESS MODEL AND ITS“OFF-LINE”TESTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSES     

张晶  丁一汇 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1999,(3)

Based on the existing land-surface schemes and models,an improved Land-surface ProcessModel(LPM-ZD)has been developed.It has the following major characteristics:(1)Thecombination of physical equations and empirical analytical formulae are used to construct thegoverning equations of soil temperature and moisture.Higher resolution of model level andphysical equations are adopted for the upper soil layers,and for the lower soil layers,lowerresolution of model level is adopted and empirical analytical formulae are used.(2)In land surfacehydrological process,the sub-grid distribution of rainfall and its effects are taken into account.(3)A simple snow cover submodel has been used,which includes effects of snow cover on soilthermodynamics and hydrology,as well as albedo.By use of this model and three groups of point observation data,a series of“off-line”testshave been carried out.The simulation results indicate that land-surface process model has goodperformance and can well simulate diurnal and seasonal variation of land surface processes for manykinds of land surface covers(forest,grass,crops and desert)in different climate zone.The resultssimulated by the model are consistent with the observations.Later,by use of one group ofobservation data and the model,a series of sensitivity experiments have been done.It is shownthat the model is much sensitive to some parameters,such as initial soil moisture,vegetationphysical parameters as well as the proportion of the grid covered with rain.Therefore it is muchimportant for land-surface process model to define these parameters as accurately as possible.  相似文献