Tropical systematic and random error energetics based on NCEP (MRF) analysis-forecast system — A barotropic approach     

S. De  D. R. Chakraborty 《Journal of Earth System Science》2004,113(2):151-166

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Resources of the ionized atmosphere as an aerosol source     

V.V. Smirnov  A.V. Savchenko 《Atmospheric Research》2006,82(3-4):554

The potential resources on the ion-stimulated syntheses effects of aerosol particles of lower troposphere in test sites in the arctic, mountain, arid and forest areas as the function of irradiation time and gas-precursor concentration were experimentally and theoretically evaluated. The dust-free outdoor air was irradiated with an ionization current of 10^− 6 A by α-rays from isotope ²³⁹Pu. The total output of radiolytic aerosols (RA) with a diameter of 3–1000 nm was found to be 0.05–0.1 molecules per 1 eV of absorbed radiation, while the physical upper limit is 0.25–0.4 molecules/eV. In an interval of exposition time from 6 to 800 s (adsorbed energy is 3 · 10¹²–10¹⁴ eV/cm³) the RA mass concentration at different sites was increased from 1–10 to 50–500 μg/m³. According to the liquid chromatography data the major RA material is the H₂O/HNO₃ solution with acid concentration  25%. The used physical model presents new aerosols as a product from small and intermediate ion association through formation of neutral clusters and describes adequately some of the peculiarities in field experiment data. Introducing SO₂, NH₃, and also hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric acid vapours with concentration 0.1–1 mg/m³ in the irradiated air stimulated an increase of mass aerosol concentration by a factor of 8–30. The mean size also decreased by a factor of 3–5. These facts allowed us to expect that the chemical composition of radiolytic aerosols generated in outdoor air would noticeably differ after addition of the gas-precursors.  相似文献   

Evaluation of an ensemble of Arctic regional climate models: spatiotemporal fields during the SHEBA year   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

A.?RinkeEmail author  K.?Dethloff  J.?J.?Cassano  J.?H.?Christensen  J.?A.?Curry  P.?Du  E.?Girard  J.-E.?Haugen  D.?Jacob  C.?G.?Jones  M.?K?ltzow  R.?Laprise  A.H.?Lynch  S.?Pfeifer  M.?C.?Serreze  M.?J.?Shaw  M.?Tjernstr?m  K.?Wyser  M.??agar 《Climate Dynamics》2006,26(5):459-472

Simulations of eight different regional climate models (RCMs) have been performed for the period September 1997–September 1998, which coincides with the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) project period. Each of the models employed approximately the same domain covering the western Arctic, the same horizontal resolution of 50 km, and the same boundary forcing. The models differ in their vertical resolution as well as in the treatments of dynamics and physical parameterizations. Both the common features and differences of the simulated spatiotemporal patterns of geopotential, temperature, cloud cover, and long-/shortwave downward radiation between the individual model simulations are investigated. With this work, we quantify the scatter among the models and therefore the magnitude of disagreement and unreliability of current Arctic RCM simulations. Even with the relatively constrained experimental design we notice a considerable scatter among the different RCMs. We found the largest across-model scatter in the 2 m temperature over land, in the surface radiation fluxes, and in the cloud cover which implies a reduced confidence level for these variables. An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

利用掩星资料分析东亚地区云厚的分布特征     

韩丁  严卫  陆文  李栋 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2012,37(8):967-971

利用2007年1月至2009年1月COSMIC掩星湿空气数据,基于相对湿度廓线出入云层时发生突变反演云边界高度的思想,统计分析了东亚地区云厚的分布特征。结果表明,掩星最低探测高度集中在3km以下,主要影响部分中云和低云云厚的反演。云发生概率沿纬度和经度方向呈现不同的分布特征,各类云概率随高度也有不同的变化规律。东亚地区所有云的平均厚度为1.78km,其中单层云和顶层云分布相似,双层云与其他云层的地理差异不大,单层云在春秋季分布相对均匀,而在夏冬季差异较大。夏季和冬季顶层云云顶高与云厚的二维频率分布各异,主要在于夏季有更多云体较厚且位于对流层上部的高云存在。  相似文献   

High Asia cryospheric observation: a proposed network under Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW)     

CunDe Xiao  ZhongQin Li  Lin Zhao  ShiChang Kang  YuanQing He  Xiang Qin  XiaoBo He 《寒旱区科学》2012,4(1):0001-0012

In coordination with Global Cryosphere Watch (GCW) initiated by World Meteorology Administration (WMO), a regional observation network is proposed based on existing stations/sites over High Asia and cryospheric elements required by GCW. Thus, High Asian Cryosphere (HAC) network is preliminary designed, composing of seven "supersites", each containing several reference sites. The network covers major mountain ranges in High Asia, such as East Tianshan, Qilian, Tanggula, Nyainqentanglha, Himalayas as well as the central and eastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Although multiple cryospheric elements were observed at the existing HAC network, many others, which are required by Integrated Global Observation System-Cryosphere Theme (IGOS-Cryosphere), are not yet included. More comprehensive observations are necessary to be included into "supersites" of HAC, so that the basic requirements for validation of satellite data, assimilation and coupled regional models can be met.  相似文献   

Analysis of mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter in a sandstorm course and its affecting factors in the Taklimakan Desert     

XinChun Liu  YuTing Zhong  Qing He  XingHua Yang  Ali Mamtimin  Wen Huo 《寒旱区科学》2012,4(3):0259-0264

During the course of a major sandstorm from April 17 to April 23, 2008 in the Taklimakan Desert, data pertaining to the mass concentrations of different-sized atmospheric particulate matter were observed continuously with Grimm 1.108, Thermo RP 1400a, TSP, and CAWS-600 instruments. The results showed that: (1) during the entire sandstorm process there were some differences between the daily mean particle concentration peaks and the hourly mean particle concentration peaks because the actual sandstorm lasted for only about 4 hr, whereas more particles were accumulated in the floating dust days before and after the actual sandstorm; (2) the intensity of the sandstorm was enhanced with the increase of wind speed, and this was related to the peak mass concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter; the wind speed directly affected the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter: the higher the wind speed, the higher the mass concentration (>0.23 μm was 39,496.5 μg/m³, and >20.0 μm was 5,390.7 μg/m³); (3) the concentration changes of PM₁₀ and TSP were also related to the course and intensity of the sandstorm; and (4) the mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter had the following sequence during the dust weather: clear day < floating dust < floating and blowing dust < sandstorm. Temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure are important factors affecting the strength of storms, which could also indirectly affect the concentration change of atmospheric particulate matter.  相似文献   

1961-2009年中国区域干旱状况的时空变化特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

刘晓云  李栋梁  王劲松 《中国沙漠》2012,32(2):473-483

 利用1961—2009年中国589个气象站月降水和月平均气温资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)／旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、小波变换及Mann-Kendall 突变检验等方法,对年标准化干旱指数的空间异常特征和时间变化规律进行了研究。中国前10个主要干旱异常区为:河套-华北、长江中下游、华南地区、东北大部、陕西南部-青海东部、滇黔-广西丘陵地区、新疆北部、川西高原-青藏高原东部地区、辽东及山东-河南东北部。有7个区域呈现干旱化趋势,其中干旱化最明显的区域为滇黔-广西丘陵地区,其次为河套-华北地区。新疆北部、川西高原-青藏高原东部地区和长江中下游地区呈现变湿趋势,其中变湿最显著的区域为新疆北部。选择变干和变湿最典型的区域进行突变分析。滇黔-广西丘陵区突变发生在1980年前后,新疆北部突变点也出现在1980年前后。小波能量谱显示,中国区域干旱化变化存在多时间尺度特征,2～4 a左右的时间尺度的周期振荡最显著。小波谱分析结果表明,中国区域干旱化主要存在3 a左右的显著主周期,其中陕西南部-青海东部还存在显著8 a和22 a主周期。  相似文献   

Moisture transport over the Arabian Sea associated with summer rainfall over Pakistan in 1994 and 2002   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

高守亭 《大气科学进展》2012,29(3):501-508

In this study,we aimed to elucidate the critical role of moisture transport affecting monsoon activity in two contrasting summers over the Arabian Sea during the years 1994,a relatively wet year,and 2002,a relatively dry year.A comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and comparisons of the moisture fields were conducted;we focused on the precipitation and evaporation as well as the moisture transport and its divergence or convergence in the atmosphere.Monthly mean reanalysis data were obtained from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP-I and-II).A detailed evaluation of the moisture budgets over Pakistan during these two years was made by calculating the latent energy flux at the surface(E P) from the divergence of the total moisture transport.Our results confirm the moisture supply over the Arabian Sea to be the major source of rainfall in Pakistan and neighboring regions.In 1994,Pakistan received more rainfall compared to 2002 during the summer monsoon.Moisture flow deepens and strengthens over Arabian Sea during the peak summer monsoon months of July and August.Our analysis shows that vertically integrated moisture transport flux have a significant role in supplying moisture to the convective centers over Pakistan and neighboring regions from the divergent regions of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.Moreover,in 1994,a deeper vertically integrated moisture convergence progression occurred over Pakistan compared to that in 2002.Perhaps that deeper convergence resulted in a more intense moisture depression over Pakistan and also caused more rainfall in 1994 during the summer monsoon.Finally,from the water budget analysis,it has been surmised that the water budget was larger in 1994 than in 2002 during the summer monsoon.  相似文献   

Temperature reconstruction from tree-ring maximum latewood density of Qinghai spruce in middle Hexi Corridor, China     

Feng Chen  Yu-jiang Yuan  Wen-shou Wei  Shu-long Yu  Zi-ang Fan  Rui-bo Zhang  Tong-wen Zhang  Qin Li  Hua-ming Shang 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(3-4):633-643

Seven different tree-ring parameters (tree-ring width, earlywood width, latewood width, maximum density, minimum density, mean earlywood density, and mean latewood density) were obtained from Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) at one chronology site in the Hexi Corridor, China. The chronologies were analyzed individually and then compared with each other. Growth–climate response analyses showed that the tree-ring width and maximum latewood density (MXD) are mainly influenced by warm season temperature variability. Based on the relationships derived from the climate response analysis, the MXD chronology was used to reconstruct the May–August maximum temperature for the period 1775–2008 A.D., and it explained the 38.1% of the total temperature variance. It shows cooling in the late 1700s to early 1800s and warming in the twentieth century. Spatial climate correlation analyses with gridded land surface data revealed that our warm season temperature reconstruction contains a strong large-scale temperature signal for north China. Comparison with regional and Northern Hemisphere reconstructions revealed similar low-frequency change to longer-term variability. Several cold years coincide with major volcanic eruptions.  相似文献   

The sensitivity of ground surface temperature prediction to soil thermal properties Using the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB2)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张晓惠  高志球  魏东平 《大气科学进展》2012,29(3):623-634

Using the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB2), soil thermal properties (STP) were examined in a Tibetan prairie during the monsoon period to investigate ground surface temperature prediction. We improved the SiB2 model by incorporating a revised force-restore method (FRM) to take the vertical heterogeneity of soil thermal diffusivity (k) into account. The results indicate that (1) the revised FRM alleviates daytime overestimation and nighttime underestimation in modeled ground surface temperature (T_g), and (2) its role in little rainfall events is significant because the vertical gradient of k increases with increasing surface evaporation. Since the original formula of thermal conductivity (λ) in the SiB2 greatly underestimates soil thermal conductivity, we compared five algorithms of λ involving soil moisture to investigate the cause of overestimation during the day and underestimation at night on the basis of the revised FRM. The results show that (1) the five algorithms significantly improve T_g prediction, especially in daytime, and (2) taking one of these five algorithms as an example, the simulated T_g values in the daytime are closer to the field measurements than those in the nighttime. The differences between modeled T_g and field measurements are mostly within the margin of error of ±2 K during 3 August to 4 September 1998.  相似文献