Passive interference localization within the GNSS environmental monitoring system (GEMS): TDOA aspects     

Ediz Cetin  Ryan J. R. Thompson  Andrew G. Dempster 《GPS Solutions》2014,18(4):483-495

Due to their low power levels, global positioning system (GPS) signals are very susceptible to interference from intentional and unintentional sources. With ever increasing reliance on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for everyday operation of safety–critical infrastructure, the detection, localization and elimination of interference to GNSS is of paramount importance. The GNSS environmental monitoring system (GEMS) II provides the capability to detect and localize interferers in real time in a given area. It consists of a number of spatially distributed sensor nodes connected to a central processing unit. Interference is localized using hybrid direction-of-arrival (DOA) and time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) techniques. We describe the GEMS II environment and provide an in-depth analysis and evaluation of the TDOA aspects of the system. During evaluation, signals generated from Spirent GPS signal generators as well as data from actual field-test trials are used to provide extensive performance analysis and comparison, with a view to final system integration.  相似文献   

An integrated dynamic model of ocean mining system and fast simulation of its longitudinal reciprocating motion     

戴瑜  刘少军 《中国海洋工程》2013,27(2):231-244

An integrated dynamic model of China’s deep ocean mining system is developed and the fast simulation analysis of its longitudinal reciprocating motion operation processes is achieved. The seafloor tracked miner is built as a three-dimensional single-body model with six-degree-of-freedom. The track-terrain interaction is modeled by partitioning the track-terrain interface into a certain number of mesh elements with three mutually perpendicular forces, including the normal force, the longitudinal shear force and the lateral shear force, acting on the center point of each mesh element. The hydrodynamic force of the miner is considered and applied. By considering the operational safety and collection efficiency, two new mining paths for the miner on the seafloor are proposed, which can be simulated with the established single-body dynamic model of the miner. The pipeline subsystem is built as a three-dimensional multi-body discrete element model, which is divided into rigid elements linked by flexible connectors. The flexible connector without mass is represented by six spring-damper elements. The external hydrodynamic forces of the ocean current from the longitudinal and lateral directions are both considered and modeled based on the Morison formula and applied to the mass center of each corresponding discrete rigid element. The mining ship is simplified and represented by a general kinematic point, whose heave motion induced by the ocean waves and the longitudinal and lateral towing motions are considered and applied. By integrating the single-body dynamic model of the miner and the multi-body discrete element dynamic model of the pipeline, and defining the kinematic equations of the mining ship, the integrated dynamic model of the total deep ocean mining system is formed. The longitudinal reciprocating motion operation modes of the total mining system, which combine the active straight-line and turning motions of the miner and the ship, and the passive towed motions of the pipeline, are proposed and simulated with the developed 3D dynamic model. Some critical simulation results are obtained and analyzed, such as the motion trajectories of key subsystems, the velocities of the buoyancy modules and the interaction forces between subsystems, which in a way can provide important theoretical basis and useful technical reference for the practical deep ocean mining system analysis, operation and control.  相似文献   

Spectro-imaging observations of Jupiter’s 2 μm auroral emission. II: Thermospheric winds     

J.-Y. Chaufray  T.K. Greathouse  G.R. Gladstone  J.H. Waite  J.-P. Maillard  T. Majeed  S.W. Bougher  E. Lellouch  P. Drossart 《Icarus》2011,211(2):1233-1241

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Reconstruction of propagating Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices at Mercury's magnetopause     

Torbjörn Sundberg  Scott A. Boardsen  James A. Slavin  Lars G. Blomberg  Judy A. Cumnock  Sean C. Solomon  Brian J. Anderson  Haje Korth 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(15):2051-2057

A series of quasi-periodic magnetopause crossings were recorded by the MESSENGER spacecraft during its third flyby of Mercury on 29 September 2009, likely caused by a train of propagating Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) vortices. We here revisit the observations to study the internal structure of the waves. Exploiting MESSENGER's rapid traversal of the magnetopause, we show that the observations permit a reconstruction of the structure of a rolled-up KH vortex directly from the spacecraft's magnetic field measurements. The derived geometry is consistent with all large-scale fluctuations in the magnetic field data, establishes the non-linear nature of the waves, and shows their vortex-like structure. In several of the wave passages, a reduction in magnetic field strength is observed in the middle of the wave, which is characteristic of rolled-up vortices and is related to the increase in magnetic pressure required to balance the centrifugal force on the plasma in the outer regions of a vortex, previously reported in computer simulations. As the KH wave starts to roll up, the reconstructed geometry suggests that the vortices develop two gradual transition regions in the magnetic field, possibly related to the mixing of magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasma, situated at the leading edges from the perspectives of both the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath.  相似文献   

Online Multi-step Ahead Prediction of Time-Varying Solar and Geomagnetic Activity Indices via Adaptive Neurofuzzy Modeling and Recursive Spectral Analysis     

Masoud Mirmomeni  Caro Lucas  Babak Nadjar Araabi  Behzad Moshiri  Mohammad Reza Bidar 《Solar physics》2011,272(1):189-213

The time-varying Sun as the main source of space weather affects the Earth??s magnetosphere by emitting hot magnetized plasma in the form of solar wind into interplanetary space. Solar and geomagnetic activity indices and their chaotic characteristics vary abruptly during solar and geomagnetic storms. This variation depicts the difficulties in modeling and long-term prediction of solar and geomagnetic storms. On the other hand, the combination of neurofuzzy models and spectral analysis has been a subject of interest due to their many practical applications in modeling and predicting complex phenomena. However, these approaches should be trained by algorithms that need to be carried out by an offline data set, which influences their performance in online modeling and prediction of time-varying phenomena. This paper proposes an adaptive approach for multi-step ahead prediction of space weather indices by extending the regular singular spectrum analysis and locally linear neurofuzzy models to adaptive approaches. The combination of these recursive approaches fulfills requirements of long-term prediction of solar and geomagnetic activity indices. The results demonstrate the power of the proposed method in online prediction of space weather indices.  相似文献   

Policy history of the US Global Change Research Program: Part I. Administrative development     

《Global Environmental Change》2000,10(1):9-25

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Effect of horizontal gradients on ionospherically reflected or transionospheric paths using a precise homing-in method     

《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(15):1361-1376

A homing-in method is presented for determining ionospheric reflected or transionospheric paths between fixed transmitter and receiver locations in the presence of ionospheric gradients or ripples. Both initial elevation and azimuth are automatically adjusted to find the path that arrives exactly at the receiver. The method can be used for any 3D ionospheric model to find precise ray paths and phase and group delays for both magneto-ionic modes. The method takes full account of path location, geomagnetic field orientation and the bending of the ray path resulting from horizontal as well as vertical gradients of electron density. It can also find multiple paths e.g. low and high angle, 1- and 2-hops for both ordinary and extraordinary modes. Examples of its use are given for both terrestrial HF links and Earth to Satellite paths. For paths reflected from the ionosphere, the effect of gradients of both critical frequency and height of maximum electron density are determined and the comparative effect of gradients on high and low angle and 1- and 2-hops paths for both magneto-ionic modes investigated. Path variation with frequency for a fixed link is also studied and the bandwidth of the ionospheric background channel (dispersive bandwidth) and its reciprocal (the pulse rise time), important for wideband digital HF broadcasting or spread spectrum HF communications, is estimated for a range of frequencies, for high- and low-angle rays and 1- and 2-hop paths. For Earth–satellite paths, the effect of the ionosphere and horizontal ionospheric gradients is determined for a range of frequencies and elevation angles. It is shown that the method can also enable the determination of second-order errors in satellite navigation methods, such as GPS, due to ionospheric gradients and the effect of the geomagnetic field.  相似文献   

The influence of geomagnetic and solar variabilities on lower thermosphere density     

《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(11):999-1013

Atmospheric density measurements near 200 km from the Satellite Electrostatic Triaxial Accelerometer (SETA) experiment are analyzed for geomagnetic and solar flux variability effects. Data from the SETA experiment, onboard two satellites, are available for the periods of May to November 1982, and July 1983 to March 1984. The data utilized the span ±79.5° latitude, and are available for both day (1030 LT) and night (2230 LT). Annual and semiannual density variations are removed and regression analyses are performed on the residuals using a series of lagged 3 h K_p indices to determine and remove geomagnetic fluctuations. Densities are found to increase by as much as 134% in response to an increase in the K_p index from 1 to 6. Monthly curves are generated for the K_p regression coefficients to delineate seasonal-latitudinal and day/night dependences, which reflect the effects of mean meridional advection of disturbances from high to low latitudes. Further analyses are performed comparing measured densities with MSISE-90 predictions. Results show that the model is able to capture many of the prominent features, but does not fully predict the level of variability for the individual disturbance periods analyzed. After the geomagnetic effects are removed, the residual densities are interpreted in terms of solar flux variability. The daily-averaged SETA density residuals are strongly correlated with long-term solar flux variability, and exhibit a much greater dependence on the 27-day solar rotation period than MSISE-90 predictions. Variations in residual density of the order of 10–20% occur in association with day-to-day and 27-day solar flux variations. The MSIS model does not accurately predict the magnitude of these short-term density variations in response to solar activity.  相似文献   

Rapid variations in echo power maps of VHF radar backscatter from the lower atmosphere     

《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(7):573-581

For the first time, echo power maps of aspect-sensitive VHF backscatter are shown, with good time and spatial resolutions, for angles 0°–7° from zenith. Sequences of power maps show large changes in appearance over timescales of a few minutes and height intervals of a few hundred metres. Often, individual power maps are consistent with tilted and distorted specular-type scattering layers, rather than anisotropic turbulence, and the direction of maximum echo power is sometimes several degrees off-vertical. Nevertheless, after time-averaging the variable echo-power patterns, the average pattern can become almost circular and centred on zenith, as has been assumed in the past. Echo power maps measured in strong windshear beneath the jet stream show a skewing of the echo power distribution. However, some power maps in the lower stratosphere, despite stronger wind shear, appear more constrained and their maximum echo power remains closer to zenith.  相似文献   

动高压冲击下岩石破裂机理及相变研究     

叶涛  张柱银 《岩土力学》2007,28(10):2197-2202

用高压气体炮作为原动力,在不同的冲击应力加载条件下,加速平板飞片撞击角闪岩样品。对回收样品应用SEM、XRD及RAM谱仪进行了宏观和微观研究,确定了样品出现的破裂起始阶段应力强度以及其裂纹的扩展形态,从而对岩石样的破坏过程进行了量化研究,并阐释了裂纹形成的机理和相变的存在。实验表明,动高压冲击下岩石破裂机理及相变的研究,可为矿山开采、建筑工程等爆破及应用提供相关的理论依据。  相似文献