Internal wave band kinetic energy production: flat vs. sloping bottom     

《Journal of Sea Research》2002,47(3-4):209-222

Velocity and temperature measurements obtained with acoustic Doppler current profilers and thermistor strings are used to evaluate the production of internal wave band kinetic energy mainly in the frequency band σ>15 cpd. Results from a flat 19 m deep, vigorous tidal environment in a shelf sea are compared with energy production in a bottom boundary layer above a continental slope. In the tidal environment, maximum production occurs in the near-bottom and near-surface layers. A distinct mid-depth maximum in KE production occurs during a period when wind speeds exceed 10 m s⁻¹ and significant wave height ∼2 m. At the same time, no significant changes in the along-shore current speed take place but the cross-shore current, generated by strong stratification, is weakened. This suggests a direct energy input from the wind via surface waves into the water column turbulence. Maximum kinetic energy production in the frequency band σ>1.9 cpd, thus including the semidiurnal tide, occurs at mid-depth when strong stratification is present. The overall magnitude of internal wave band kinetic energy production agrees well with independent dissipation estimates obtained from microstructure profilers. Above the sloping bottom, KE production is somewhat larger than observed in the shallow tidal environment, despite rms currents being ∼50% smaller and wind effects being small. Above the sloping bottom KE shear production was comparable to buoyancy production. The latter was negligible at the shelf sea site.  相似文献   

树木年轮记录的祁连山东段公元1895年来的气温变化   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

王亚军  马玉贞  鲁瑞洁  桑艳礼  蒙红卫  华发春  满自红 《第四纪研究》2009,29(5):905-912

利用祁连山东段吐鲁沟的油松树轮宽度序列,与气象要素进行了相关分析,并重建了公元1895年来 1～8月平均气温,转换方程方差解释量52.6%(R2adj＝48.7%,F＝13.589, p<0.001)。重建结果表明研究区近120年来经历了19世纪末到20世纪20年代、20世纪20年代到40年代末、20世纪 40～70年代3个明显的升降温过程和20世纪70年代以来的升温过程。重建序列与研究区以西的祁连山中段、天山西段、阿尔泰山中段温度的变化基本一致; 重建序列显示的 1923～1929年的高温时段与中国20世纪20年代大范围的干旱事件一致,而且与北大西洋涛动、北极涛动的变化遥相呼应,说明祁连山东段的树轮资料不仅记录了区域气候变化信号,而且对于全球变化响应敏感。  相似文献   

呼伦贝尔沙地沙丘砂来源的定量分析--逐步判别分析(SDA)在粒度分析方面的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

韩广  张桂芳  杨文斌 《地理学报(英文版)》2004,14(2):177-186

Quantltatively determining the sources of dune sand uis one of the problems necessarily and urgently to be solved in aeolian landforms and desertification research. Based on the granulometric data of sand materials from the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, the paper employs the stepwise discriminant analysis technique (SDA) for two groups to select the principal factors determining the differences between surface loose sediments. The extent of similarity between two statistical populations can be described quantitatively by three factors such as the number of principal variables, Mahalanobis distance D^2 and confidence level α for F-test. Results reveal that: 1) Aeolian dune sand in the region mainly derives from Hailar Formation (Q3), while fluvial sand and palaeosol also supply partially source sand for dunes; and 2) in the vicinity of Cuogang Town and west of the broad valley of the lower reaches of Hailar River, fluvial sand can naturally become principal supplier for dune sand.  相似文献   

The use of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals     

《Applied Geochemistry》2004,19(10):1553-1565

Recent research has shown that phytoextraction approaches often require soil amendments, such as the application of EDTA, to increase the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils. However, EDTA and EDTA–heavy metal complexes can be toxic to plants and soil microorganisms and may leach into groundwater, causing further environmental pollution. In the present study, vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) was studied for its potential use in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. In the pot experiment, the uptake and transport of Pb by vetiver from Pb-contaminated soils under EDTA application was investigated. The results showed that vetiver had the capacity to tolerate high Pb concentrations in soils. With the application of EDTA, the translocation ratio of Pb from vetiver roots to shoots was significantly increased. On the 14th day after 5.0 mmol EDTA kg⁻¹ of soil application, the shoot Pb concentration reached 42, 160, 243 mg kg⁻¹ DW and the root Pb concentrations were 266, 951, and 2280 mg kg⁻¹ DW in the 500, 2500 and 5000 mg Pb kg⁻¹ soils, respectively. In the short soil leaching column (9.0-cm diameter, 20-cm height) experiment, about 3.7%, 15.6%, 14.3% and 22.2% of the soil Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd were leached from the artificially contaminated soil profile after 5.0 mmol EDTA kg⁻¹ of soil application and nearly 126 mm of rainfall irrigation. In the long soil leaching experiment, soil columns (9.0-cm diameter, 60-cm height) were packed with uncontaminated soils (mimicking the subsoil under contaminated upper layers) and planted with vetiver. Heavy metal leachate from the short column experiment was applied to the surface of the long soil column, the artificial rainwater was percolated, and the final leachate was collected at the bottom of the soil columns. The results showed that soil matrix with planted vetiver, could re-adsorb 98%, 54%, 41%, and 88% of the initially applied Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd, respectively, which may reduce the risk of heavy metals flowing downwards and entering the groundwater.  相似文献   

Australian dust deposits: modern processes and the Quaternary record     

《Quaternary Science Reviews》2003,22(18-19):2007-2035

Dust raising and transport are common and important processes in Australia today. The aridity of the Australian continent and high climatic variability result in widespread dust raising in the arid and semi-arid areas and transport to the humid margins and surrounding oceans. The supply of erodible particles appears to be the greatest limitation on total flux of transported dust. Dust raising is greatest in the Lake Eyre Basin, including the Simpson Desert, and Murray-Darling Basin where internal drainage renews supplies of fine particles to the arid zone. In the west and northwest dust entrainment is low, despite considerable aridity. The marine record of dust flux shows at least a threefold increase in dust flux, compared with the Holocene, in the last glacial maximum in both tropical and temperate Australia, driven by weakened Australian monsoon rains and drier westerly circulation, respectively. Despite the widespread confirmation of aeolian dust deposits in southeastern and southwestern Australia, dated or quantified records are extremely rare. The dominant model of Australian dust deposits, the clay-rich ‘parna’, is shown to be poorly substantiated while modern and ancient dust deposits examined in detail are shown to bear a strong similarity to conventional definitions of loess.  相似文献   

Arsenic geochemistry—selected papers from the 10th Water–Rock Interaction symposium,Villasimius, Italy, 10–15 June 2001     

《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(9):1281-1282

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Paleoclimatic interpretation of the past 30 ka from isotopic studies of the deep confined aquifer of the North China plain     

《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(7):997-1009

The δ¹⁸O and δD values in the deep confined aquifer beneath the North China Plain which is located at 112°30′E–119°30′E and 34°46′N–40°25′N, reflect differences in paleoclimatic conditions between the Holocene and the late Pleistocene. Groundwater samples whose ¹⁴C ages are between 12 and 25 ka B.P have ranges of −9.4 to −11.7‰ for δ¹⁸O and −76‰ to −85‰ for δD values. These very negative δ¹⁸O and δD values reflect the cold and arid climate in the last glacial period. The temperature estimated in this period is 6–9 °C cooler than that of the present. The entire ranges of δ¹⁸O and δD values for samples with ¹⁴C dating from 7 ka B.P to present are −7.7‰ to −10.2‰ and −63‰ to −73‰, respectively. The greater δ¹⁸O and δD enrichments of these samples indicate a period of relatively humid and warm climate in the Holocene. However, the wide ranges of δ¹⁸O (−9.0‰ to −11.1‰) and δD (−66‰ to −80‰) values for samples with ¹⁴C age ranging from 12 to 7 ka B.P. imply an unstable climatic condition of rapidly increasing temperature, which marks the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene.  相似文献   

Peatlands of the Western Siberian lowlands: current knowledge on zonation,carbon content and Late Quaternary history     

《Quaternary Science Reviews》2003,22(5-7):703-723

The Western Siberian lowlands (WSL) are the world's largest high-latitude wetland, and possess over 900,000 km² of peatlands. The peatlands of the WSL are of major importance to high-latitude hydrology, carbon storage and environmental history. Analysis of the existing Russian data suggests that the mean depth of peat accumulation in the WSL is 256 cm and the total amount of carbon stored there may exceed 53,836 million metric tons. A synthesis of published and unpublished radiocarbon dates indicates that the peatlands first developed at the end of the Last Glacial, with a rapid phase of initiation between 11,000 and 10,000 cal yr BP. Initiation slowed after 8000 cal yr BP and reached a nadir at 4000 cal yr BP. There has been renewed initiation, particularly south of 62°N, following 4000 cal yr BP. The initial development of peatlands in the WSL corresponds with the warming at the close of the Pleistocene. Cooling after 4000 Cal yr BP has likely led to increased permafrost and increased peatland development particularly in central and southern regions. Cold and dry conditions in the far north may have inhibited peatland formation in the late Holocene.  相似文献   

Progress towards single-grain optical dating of fossil mud-wasp nests and associated rock art in northern Australia     

《Quaternary Science Reviews》2003,22(10-13):1273-1278

Here we report on investigations into optical dating of fossil mud-wasp nests as a means of constraining the ages of overlying and underlying rock paintings in northern Australia. We describe the application of a ‘dual-signal’ regenerative-dose approach, using the easy-to-bleach (‘fast’) and hard-to-bleach (‘slow’) components of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) emitted by individual sand-sized grains of quartz extracted from two nests: a modern nest (<2 yr old) and a nest dated by ¹⁴C to about 30,000 calendar years (∼30 ka). For the modern nest, most of the palaeodoses obtained from both the fast and slow components are consistent with a zero age, while the ¹⁴C-dated nest yielded an age of 27.1±1.5 ka from those grains that yielded concordant palaeodoses from the fast and slow components (as measured by linearly modulated OSL). Our findings indicate that a dual-signal approach permits grains that were fully bleached by sunlight at the time of nest construction, and that have since remained concealed in the light-safe ‘core’ of a nest, to be distinguished from (a) grains that were incompletely bleached before nest construction, and (b) grains embedded in the continuously light-exposed, exterior portion of a nest. We conclude that reliable optical ages for small mud-wasp nests associated with ancient rock art may be obtained using the dual-signal approach and the light-safe grains.  相似文献   

Hold tight at The Hague     

《Climate Policy》2001,1(1):3-4

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