完善新时期水资源管理指标的方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

吴炳方  曾红伟  马宗瀚  苟思  刘俊国  王金霞  蒋礼平 《水科学进展》2022,33(4):553-566

气候变化和人类活动极大地改变了流域水循环和水资源分布, 以供需管理为核心的水资源管理方法难以缓解缺水的局面。中国提出了新时期水资源相关管理政策, 然而受数据、对象和方法的限制, 新政策采用的管理指标和内涵目标间存在差异, 在缺水地区还必须增加耗水总量控制的约束指标, 实施取水与耗水的双向管控。本文通过综述国内外最新进展和案例, 提出新时期水资源管理指标的完善方法: 建立以蒸散监测为核心的现代耗水要素监测体系;健全以耗水上限为核心的水资源刚性约束方法, 通过综合考虑环境流量用水和生态服务耗水的需求, 核定流域人类活动水资源可消耗量的上限, 实现水资源的刚性约束;实施耗水约束机制, 通过约束农业规模、合理规划生态恢复治理的规模和方式, 实现水资源发展的“四水四定”既定原则。期望通过数据、方法和措施的创新能够切实保障新时期水资源治理模式的有效实施。  相似文献   

The rapidly shrinking cryopshere in the past decade：an interpretation of cryospheric changes from IPCC WGI Sixth Assessment Report北大核心CSCD     

钟歆玥  康世昌  郭万钦  吴晓东  陈金雷 《冰川冻土》2022,44(3):946-953

The Working Group I report of the Sixth Assessment Report（AR6）of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change（IPCC）was released in August 2021. Base on updated and expanding data, AR6 presented the improved assessment of past changes and processes of cryosphere. AR6 also predicted the future changes us⁃ ing the models in CMIP6. The components of cryosphere were rapid shrinking under climate warming in the last decade. There were decreasing trends in Arctic sea-ice area and thickness. Sea-ice loss was significant. The Greenland Ice Sheet, the Antarctic Ice Sheet and all glaciers lost more mass than in any other decade. Global warming over the last decades had led to widespread permafrost warming, active layer thickness increasing and subsea permafrost extent reducing. Snow cover extent in the Northern Hemisphere also decreased significantly. However, the variations of snow depth and snow water equivalent showed great spatial heterogeneity. The rapid shrinking of the cryosphere accelerated the global mean sea level rise. The impact of human activities on cryo⁃ sphere will become more significant in the future. The Arctic sea-ice area will decrease, and the Arctic Ocean will likely become practically sea ice-free. The Greenland Ice Sheet, the Antarctic Ice Sheet and glaciers will continue to lose mass throughout this century. Permafrost and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent will con⁃ tinue to decrease as global climate continues to warm. In addition, there are still uncertainties in the prediction of cryosphere due to the absence of observations, the poor sensitivity of models to the components and processes of cryosphere, and the inexplicit represent of the mechanism of light-absorbing impurities. More attentions should be paid on these issues in the future. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.  相似文献   

3维场景植被冠层多波段模拟研究进展     

张阳  柳钦火  覃文汉  刘强  李静  杜永明  谢东辉  黄华国  杨乐  倪文俭 《遥感学报》2015,19(6):894-909

植被冠层辐射散射信号中蕴含了丰富的植被信息,通过构建植被冠层辐射散射模型,可以实现植被结构等生物物理参数的遥感定量反演。迄今为止,可见光/近红外、热红外、微波波段均已发展了大量的模型,这些模型在参数反演方面各具优势,但不同波段的模型又有其自身的局限性。跨波段的联合模拟可以实现模型间的优势互补,进而提高地表参数的反演精度,近年来已有学者专注于可见光/近红外与热红外模型,热红外与微波模型,主被动微波模型,以及可见光/近红外与微波模型的联合模拟和协同反演,但多是两两联合,且主要是基于经验模型或解析模型。基于3维场景的植被冠层辐射散射特性模拟模型可以细致刻画不同组分的结构和空间分布特征,对于由植被结构引起的多次散射和组分比例变化的考虑具有优势。本文主要介绍了3维模拟模型在可见光/近红外、热红外和微波波段,以及跨波段联合模拟方面的研究进展,从模型机理、场景统一、以及组分理化参数的统一的角度,探讨了构建多波段3维模拟系统的可行性,展望了多波段3维模拟模型的发展趋势。  相似文献   

利用AIRS产品分析中国地区近地面甲烷浓度时空特性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王红梅  李佳田  张莹  李莘莘  张蓝  陈良富 《遥感学报》2015,19(5):827-835

甲烷(CH4)作为仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的第二大温室气体,不仅在全球和区域尺度光化学反应中起着重要作用,而且在能量收支平衡及气候变化方面有着重要的影响。2013年,Auqa/EOS的大气红外探测仪(AIRS)热红外近地表CH4产品在AIRS Version6.0产品中发布,其结果尚未在中国进行验证,利用热红外传感器分析中国近地表CH4浓度的时空分布还处于初始阶段。本文利用中国青海瓦里关(WLG)、中国台湾鹿林山(LLN)及蒙古乌兰乌勒(UUM)地基观测资料对AIRS V6.0近地面CH4浓度产品进行了验证,误差在2%以内,二者相关系数r分别为0.68、0.5、0.69,变化趋势一致,进而从地域、季节变化和年际变化3个方面探讨了2003年—2013年中国地区近地面CH4浓度的时空分布特征。结果表明:CH4浓度最低值位于西藏地区(1800 ppbv),高值区位于新疆维吾尔自治区北部、内蒙古自治区及黑龙江北部(1920 ppbv);夏季高,冬季低,季节性变化明显,年际变化基本上呈增长趋势。  相似文献   

基于双边结构张量的局部自适应图像超分辨率重建     

岳林蔚  沈焕锋  袁强强  张良培  兰霞 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2015,(4):493-497,528

利用超分辨率重建技术可以有效提高图像的空间分辨率,其中先验模型的选取尤为关键。在最大后验概率(MAP)的框架下引入双边结构张量测度,联合像素邻域4个方向的梯度算子提出一种局部自适应先验方法,构建图像超分辨率重建模型,并利用迭代重加权范数(iteratively reweighted norm)对其进行转换求解。基于标准的测试图像进行了实验,并将本方法与拉普拉斯先验、Huber-Markov先验以及BTV先验的重建结果进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性。  相似文献   

‘Big data’ for pedestrian volume: Exploring the use of Google Street View images for pedestrian counts     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2015

New sources of data such as ‘big data’ and computational analytics have stimulated innovative pedestrian oriented research. Current studies, however, are still limited and subjective with regard to the use of Google Street View and other online sources for environment audits or pedestrian counts because of the manual information extraction and compilation, especially for large areas. This study aims to provide future research an alternative method to conduct large scale data collection more consistently and objectively on pedestrian counts and possibly for environment audits and stimulate discussion of the use of ‘big data’ and recent computational advances for planning and design. We explore and report information needed to automatically download and assemble Google Street View images, as well as other image parameters for a wide range of analysis and visualization, and explore extracting pedestrian count data based on these images using machine vision and learning technology. The reliability tests results based on pedestrian information collected from over 200 street segments in Buffalo, NY, Washington, D.C., and Boston, MA respectively suggested that the image detection method used in this study are capable of determining the presence of pedestrian with a reasonable level of accuracy. The limitation and potential improvement of the proposed method is also discussed.  相似文献   

Use of WorldView-2 time series to establish a wetland monitoring program for potential offsite impacts of mine site rehabilitation     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

The Ramsar-listed wetlands of the Magela Creek floodplain, situated in the World Heritage Kakadu National Park, in northern Australia are recognised for their biodiversity and cultural values. The floodplain is also a downstream receiving environment for Ranger uranium mine, which is entering closure and rehabilitation phases. Vegetation on the floodplain is spatially and temporally variable which is related to the hydrology of the region, primarily the extent and level of inundation and available soil moisture. Time-series mapping of the floodplain vegetation will provide a contemporary baseline of annual vegetation dynamics to assist with determining whether change is natural or a result of the potential impacts of mine closure activities such as increased suspended sediment moving downstream. The research described here used geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) to classify the upper Magela Creek floodplain vegetation from WorldView-2 imagery captured over four years (2010–2013) and ancillary data including a canopy height model. A step-wise rule set was used to implement a decision tree classification. The resulting maps showed the 12 major vegetation communities that exist on the Magela Creek floodplain and their distribution for May 2010, May 2011, June 2012 and June 2013 with overall accuracies of over 80% for each map. Most of the error appears to be associated with confusion between vegetation classes that are spectrally similar such as the classes dominated by grasses. Object-based change detection was then applied to the maps to analyse change between dates. Results indicate that change between dates was detected for large areas of the floodplain. Most of the change is associated with the amount of surface water present, indicating that although imagery was captured at the same time of year, the imagery represents different stages of the seasonal cycle of the floodplain.  相似文献   

基于中性集对北川羌族自治县新城人工建设用地的识别     

于博  王力  牛铮 《国土资源遥感》2015,(1):106-112

人工建设用地(包括建筑物、道路、广场等社会服务设施)的识别一直是用来监测地区发展速度的一个有效途径。针对目前在人工建设用地识别领域中对在建建筑物的忽视问题,利用中性集、均值漂移以及绿度因子等概念将在建建设用地信息进行增强,进而将其成功识别出来。实验证明,该方法对高分辨率遥感影像的人工建设用地识别是可行的。通过分析2009—2013年期间北川新城的建设工地面积及分布的变化情况可以看出,北川新城在2010—2013年期间完工面积占2009—2010年新建工程总面积的98.17%,在北川新城拓展区又新建0.6 km2的工程,施工迅速,为受灾居民提供了良好的居住和生活保障。  相似文献   

基于区域多次回波点密度分析的城区LiDAR建筑物提取     

李乐林  江万寿  郭程方 《国土资源遥感》2015,(2):29-35

以正确提取城区Li DAR点云中建筑物为目标,综合利用不同类别目标点云的回波特征以及地形信息,提出了一种基于区域多次回波密度分析的Li DAR点云建筑物提取方法。首先,将点云构建不规则三角网(triangulated irregular network,TIN),获取封闭的等高线;然后,利用等高线间的拓扑关系得到等高线族区域;最后,统计每一区域的多次回波点云密度信息,通过建筑物和树木区域多次回波点云在区域密度上的巨大差异来识别建筑物点云和树木点云。研究结果表明:该方法既充分利用了建筑物表面与植被间多次回波特性的差异,又不否定建筑物边缘同样存在多次回波的现象;通过封闭的等高线自适应地检测出地物目标的轮廓,弥补了传统Li DAR建筑物提取方法的不足;该方法能够较其他方法更准确地提取建筑物。  相似文献   

Accelerating savanna degradation threatens the Maasai Mara socio-ecological system     

《Global Environmental Change》2020

Savanna megafauna have become scarce outside of protected areas in Africa, largely because of land conversion for farming (smallholders and agribusiness) and expansion of settlements and other infrastructure. Intensification also isolates protected areas, even affecting natural processes within reserve boundaries. Here, we used satellite imagery from the past 32 years in the iconic Maasai Mara ecosystem to assess the capacity of different land tenures to prevent degradation. We compare unprotected land with two types of conservation management: fully protected land without livestock (land sparing) and semi-protected community-based conservation – protected land with regulated livestock densities (land sharing). On unprotected land (61% of the area), we detected massive and accelerating degradation and fragmentation of natural vegetation, with large losses of woodland (62%) and grassland (56%), resulting in the expansion of bare ground. In contrast, directional change was minimal in both types of protected areas. Vegetation resistance to drought was lowest on unprotected land, intermediate under community-based conservation and highest under full protection. Our results show that the Mara ecosystem is under heavy pressure, but that conservation management counteracts negative trends. Importantly, semi-protected community-based land-sharing conservation offers clear, partial buffering against degradation.  相似文献