Spatial dynamics of soil salinity under arid and semi-arid conditions: geological and environmental implications   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

Jordán  M. M.  Navarro-Pedreño  J.  García-Sánchez  E.  Mateu  J.  Juan  P. 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(4):448-456

Salinity is a highly important problem in arid and semi-arid regions. Consequently, the analysis of soil salinity plays a crucial role in environmental sciences. Environmental variables show spatial variability and statistical tools able to analyze and describe the spatial dependence and quantify the scale and intensity of the spatial variation are needed. Moreover, the spatial prediction has special importance for agricultural transformation of the land or for environmental restoration (selection of the most appropriate species adapted to soil salinity). In this paper we propose a methodological framework based on geostatistics to model the spatial dynamics of soil salinity measurements to further analyze the case of a region in southeastern Spain.  相似文献   

Estimation of PM20 emissions by wind erosion: main sources of uncertainties     

Stephane C. Alfaro  Jean Louis Rajot  William Nickling   《Geomorphology》2004,59(1-4):63

The physics of the two processes (saltation and sandblasting) leading to fine mineral dust emissions by wind erosion in arid or semi-arid areas has been detailed and modeled. The combination of these two models has led to a physically explicit Dust Production Model (DPM). In this work, sensitivity tests are performed with the DPM to determine the nature of the main soil parameters that control dust emissions by sandblasting. It is found that the soil roughness length and the dry size distribution of the soil aggregates constituting the loose wind erodible fraction of the topsoil have the greatest influence on the soil potential for mineral dust production. Contrary to what is often assumed, soil texture is not a relevant parameter.In the light of these new findings, results of vertical flux measurements performed over a wide variety of sources in Niger and the US south west (14 soils) have been reanalyzed. Results show (1) that for the tested soils the DPM, and hence sandblasting, explain all dust emissions, and (2) that 13 of the 14 soils that had been selected a priori for their high potential for dust emissions contained a fine soil-aggregate component. This is consistent with the sensitivity tests indicating that the presence of such a component could enhance dust emissions by one order of magnitude. Finally, it can be concluded that most of the apparent scatter in the experimental results was in large part due to an inappropriate choice of soil parameters to interpret them.  相似文献   

Isotopic geochemistry of the groundwater system in arid and semiarid areas and its significance: a case study in Shiyang River basin, Gansu province, northwest China   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

J. A. Shi  Q. Wang  G. J. Chen  G. Y. Wang  Z. N. Zhang 《Environmental Geology》2001,40(4-5):557-565

 Shiyang River basin, located in the eastern part of Hexi Corridor in the middle Gansu province, NW China, is a typical arid to semiarid area. Within its drainage distance of merely 300 km, the groundwater system shows a gradual hydrochemical zonation from the upper reach to the lower reach, which is composed of hydrocarbonate, sulfate to chloride zones respectively. Variation in the saturation index (SI) of calcite and dolomite shows that, under arid to semiarid conditions, the drastic evaporation causes the groundwater quality to deteriorate in the lower reach. Isotopic compositions of H, O and He in the groundwater show that the groundwater recharge sources are mainly from meteoric water. δ³He–³He/²⁰Ne coordinates could clearly distinguish the water sources and mixing among them. In the Caiqi region, there is apparent mixing of the crevice water containing excess ⁴He with the overlying groundwater, which also implies a much lower circulation rate of the groundwater. Fairly high ³He/⁴He ratios of the groundwaters collected from the adjacent area of hidden faults along Qilian Mountains show the eminent input of mantle-derived helium, indicating that these faults not only cut the crust deeply, but are currently active. Received: 11 February 2000 · Accepted: 23 May 2000  相似文献   

榆林剖面的热释光测年及其对这一地区干旱事件的讨论   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

孙继敏  丁仲礼 《中国沙漠》1997,17(1):1-8

用热释光测年方法对陕西榆林地区蔡家沟和石峁剖面的风成砂－黄土－古土壤序列进行了系统的测年，结果表明末次冰期的风成沉积中夹有三层古风成砂，由此反映了末次冰期中有三次沙漠扩大的气候干旱时期。根据年代测定结果最末一次干旱事件出现在１２～＜２７ｋａＢ．Ｐ．之间，基本上与末次冰期极盛期相当，可以与深海氧同位素阶段２对应。第二次干旱期出现在４８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．左右，大致与氧同位素阶段３的中期相当。最早的干旱期出现在５５～＜７５ｋａＢ．Ｐ．之间，与阶段４对应。令人感兴趣的是虽然与阶段２、阶段４对应的干旱期在世界上其它地区同样有记录，但是大致相当于阶段３中期的这期干旱事件却以榆林剖面反映最好，表现为末次冰期的间冰段期间，毛乌素沙漠也曾经大规模扩大，这从一个侧面说明了中国的沙漠－黄土边界带对气候变化的敏感性。此外，热释光测年结果还表明了末次冰期的沉积由风成砂与黄土迭覆而成，而末次间冰期则由古土壤与黄土迭覆而成，因此，无论是冰期还是间冰期，气候条件都不是以持续的干冷或温暖为特点，而是叠加了更次一级的气候变化。毛乌素沙漠在第四纪时期并非持续存在，而是在气候的调节下经历了沙漠出现与固定的多次转变  相似文献   

关于“土壤凝结水”问题的探讨——与于庆和同志商榷   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

王积强 《干旱区地理》1993,(2)

在极端干旱地区,空气中的水汽压很低,不可能发生大量土壤凝结水。若有凝结水,主要发生在干燥土壤和晴天的晚上。土面盐碱膜有抑制土壤水分蒸发和增加地温变幅的作用,不利于土壤凝结水的发生。这在极端干旱的塔里木河中游地区更不例外。笔者认为于庆和同志所谓的“凝结水”,很可能是闭塞空气迂热膨胀排出来的水。因为,现行的地中渗透仪很不完善,其蒸发筒中缺通气管,受闭塞空气的胀缩作用,使筒中潜水位白天降低,晚上升高,即地下室的盛水器中水位白天升高(排出水),晚上降低(马氏瓶供水),由此而产生“回渗水”被误认为是“凝结水”。  相似文献   

干旱指数与旱灾测防系统   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

陈仲全  张正栋 《中国沙漠》1995,15(1):10-18

本文讨论了干旱过程系统，干旱指数与旱灾测防系统问题，提出用干燥度、旱灾指数和干旱度研究旱灾；用旱灾测防系统减消旱灾。指出了研究这一系统的中心问题是环境湿润状态和经济社会水分供需平衡的结构与动态；减消旱灾的关键是监测、预报与工程调控系统。它对减消旱灾、保护环境、发展经济社会有重要意义。  相似文献   

干旱地区灌溉定额最优分配的动态模拟研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张巨俭  赵恺仙 《中国沙漠》1995,15(1):60-64

本文以干旱地区灌溉试验资料为依据，提出了作物灌溉定额在一定条件下灌水定额优化计算的动态模拟模型。  相似文献   

干旱地区水资源评价和认识的若干问题——以新疆为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨利普 《地理学报》1987,(3)

干旱地区水资源的合理开发和国土整治规划有密切联系。本文以新疆为例,对干旱区水资源的正确评价、水资源开发如何利用自然优势、水资源的地区间调剂以及水文现象与生态环境变化的深入认识等问题,提出了几点探讨性意见,以供深入讨论。  相似文献   

白刺属植物的川西新记录和澳大利亚间断分布途径的探讨   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

杨钦周 《山地学报》2006,24(2):137-143

四川西部干旱河谷新记录两种白刺属植物(柴达木白刺和西伯利亚白刺),从它们的地理分布可以反射出干旱河谷现代植物区系起源古老,具有历史植物区系“活化石”意义,该区系与古地中海在时间上、与现代中亚(草原和荒漠)在空间上有着渊源联系。这两种白刺在川西是中生而不是旱生植物,生于干旱河谷灌丛(近似于中亚草原灌丛)而不是草原或荒漠中。根据植物地理学和地质学研究的一些例证,探讨了远离白刺属发生地和分布中心的比拉底白刺(或其祖型),从非洲北部-阿拉伯地区经由印度和缅甸至马来西亚直达澳大利亚形成现代洲际间断分布的迁移途径。  相似文献   

Sensitivity analysis of pediment development through numerical simulation and selected geospatial query     

Mark W. Strudley  A. Brad Murray 《Geomorphology》2007,88(3-4):329-351

Dozens of references recognizing pediment landforms in widely varying lithologic, climatic, and tectonic settings suggest a ubiquity in pediment forming processes on mountain piedmonts worldwide. Previous modeling work illustrates the development of a unique range in arid/semiarid piedmont slope (< 0.2 or 11.3°) and regolith thickness (2–4 m) that defines pediments, despite varying the initial conditions and domain characteristics (initial regolith thickness, slope, distance from basin to crest, topographic perturbations, and boundary conditions) and process rates (fluvial sediment transport efficiency and weathering rates). This paper expands upon the sensitivity analysis through numerical simulation of pediment development in the presence of spatially varying rock type, various base level histories, various styles of sediment transport, and various rainfall rates to determine how pediment development might be restricted in certain environments. This work suggests that in landscapes characterized by soil and vegetation types that favor incisive fluvial sediment transport styles coupled with incisive base level conditions, pediment development will be disrupted by the roughening of sediment mantled surfaces, thereby creating spatial variability in topography, regolith thickness, and bedrock weathering rates. Base level incision rates that exceed the integrated sediment flux along a hillslope derived from upslope weathering and sediment transport on the order of 10^− 3 m y^− 1 restrict pediment development by fostering piedmont incision and/or wholesale removal (stripping) of regolith mantles prior to footslope pediment development. Simulations illustrate an insensitivity to alternating layers of sandstone and shale 3–15 m thick oriented in various geometric configurations (vertical, horizontal, and dip-slope) and generating different regolith hydrologic properties and exhibiting weathering rate variations up to 3-fold. Higher fluxes and residence times of subsurface groundwater in more humid environments, as well as dissolution-type weathering, lead to a thickening of regolith mantles on erosional piedmonts on the order of 10¹ m and an elimination of pediment morphology. An initial test of the model sensitivity analysis in arid/semiarid environments, for which field reconnaissance and detailed geomorphic mapping indicate the presence of pediments controlled by climatic conditions (soil hydrologic properties, vegetation characteristics, and bedrock weathering style) that are known and constant, supports our modeling results that pediments are more prevalent in hydrologically-open basins.  相似文献