西北干旱区湿地公园生态保护与恢复模式——以陕西千湖国家湿地公园为例     

张新兵  崔丽娟  赵欣胜  李胜男  闫海科 《湿地科学与管理》2011,7(2):13-17

根据湿地恢复学理论,以陕西千湖国家湿地公园为案例,分析西北干旱区湿地公园生态保护和恢复模式,阐明在西北干旱区发展湿地公园,应以"生态节水"为主,推广低碳运营模式,最后提出了相应的保障措施。  相似文献   

Flood hydrograph estimation from arid catchment morphology     

M. Nouh 《水文研究》1990,4(2):103-120

Data on performance of a geomorphologic rainfall-runoff model in simulating observed flash flood hydrographs in 32 arid catchments have been analysed. The catchments, which are located in the southwest region of Saudi Arabia, vary in their size, slope of land, and characteristics of soils, and are in zones of different rainstorm characteristics. The sensitivity of the model accuracy with various catchment and rainfall characteristics has been investigated. Size, followed by rate of infiltration and slope of land, are the most effective catchment characteristics affecting the accuracy. In addition, the accuracy varies with spatial and temporal rainfall variation, total rainfall depth, and length of the dry period between two successive rainstorms over catchment. It is sensitive to temporal rainfall variation more than spatial rainfall variation, and to the dry period more than total rainfall depth. Generally, the model did not display an accuracy approaching that of the observations, especially in simulating peak flowrates in large size infiltrating catchments having high temporal rainstorm variation. Guidelines on the best use of the model in arid catchments were proposed.  相似文献   

Modelling sediment transport in stream channels in the arid zone of India     

K. D. Sharma  J. S. R. Murthy 《水文研究》1994,8(6):567-572

Ephemeral channels in arid regions convey larger amounts of sediment than perennial channels in humid regions. Sediment graphs at the outlet of channels have been derived by the standard sediment rating curve technique and by a lumped model based on the instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) concept. The IUSG gives estimates of sediment transport that are better than those derived with the sediment rating curve as it takes into account the availability of erodible material within the channel bed.  相似文献   

黄土高原干旱半干旱地区气溶胶光学厚度遥感分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

胡蝶  张镭  王宏斌 《高原气象》2013,32(3)

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站2006年8月-2008年10月太阳光度计(CE-318)观测资料和同期卫星MODIS(Terra和Aqua)产品资料,分析了该站气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)日变化、月变化和Angstrom波长指数(α指数)月变化特征,发现春季AOD日变幅最大,存在双峰现象,秋、冬季较小;9月AOD最小,4月和12月AOD较大;α指数在4月最小,7月最大.采用太阳光度计反演的550 nm AOD与Terra-MODIS和Aqua-MODIS AOD产品相比较,Terra-MODIS与太阳光度计AOD相关系数为0.69,大于Aqua-MODIS的0.62.并从地表反照率假设、气溶胶模型选择和云影响等方面分析了产生对比偏差的原因,进一步分析了黄土高原干旱半干旱地区AOD的分布和季节变化特征.结果表明:气溶胶光学厚度呈西低东高的分布特征;AOD高值中心与大城市有较好对应;黄土高原干旱半干旱地区AOD在春季最大,夏季有所减小,秋季最小,但冬季升高;Aqua-MODIS中深蓝算法对西北荒漠地区亮地表AOD的反演效果较好.  相似文献   

关于中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用及其对气候影响研究的最近进展   总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7  

黄荣辉  周德刚  陈文  周连童  韦志刚  张强  高晓清  卫国安  候旭宏 《大气科学》2013,37(2):189-210

本文综述了中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用及其对气候影响研究的最近进展。文中不仅回顾了“中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用观测试验”经过连续12年的观测和多次加强期观测所取得的干旱区陆面过程参数的分析以及边界层和陆—气相互作用特征等的分析和研究,而且综述了应用这些参数来优化有关陆面过程模式的参数化方案和改进有关陆面过程模式的研究;并且,本文还综述了关于中国西北干旱区感热输送特征以及西北干旱区陆—气相互作用对中国东部气候的影响及其机理,并揭示了中国西北干旱区春、夏季具有高感热输送特征,此高感热对中国东部夏季气候变异有重要影响。此外,本文还指出今后在此方面应进一步观测和深入研究的科学问题。  相似文献   

Runoff generative process and runoff yield from arid talus mantled slopes   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

A. Yair  H. Lavee 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1976,1(3):235-247

Previous works dealing with the influence of a stone cover on runoff yield showed that runoff, attributed to the sealing effect of the topsoil by raindrops impact, was negatively related to the per cent of stone cover and stone size. These works were conducted on gentle slopes (3–11·5 degree) with a per cent of stone cover generally lower than 50 per cent, and composed of gravels. The present study deals with the runoff yield of steep talus slopes (26–36 degree) whose per cent of stone cover is very high (90–100 per cent), composed of cobbles and boulders. Three stimulated rainstorms were performed at various rainfall. intensities and durations on each one of six plots representative of the North eastern sector of Sinai. Although the contiguous stony cover prevented surface sealing by raindrops impact, runoff developed quite quickly on most slopes, and reached at peak discharge, after approximately ten minutes, up to 56 per cent of the rainfall. Differences between plots, in time lag, peak discharge and other hydrological variables, could be attributed mainly to the properties of the upper stony layer, with stone size as the most influential factor. Contrary to previous works, a positive relationship, was obtained between stone size to runoff yield. The result is explained by the process of water concentration. Each cobble and boulder behaves, on a smaller scale, like a bare rocky surface and yields per unit area water amounts beyond the infiltration rate of the limited uncovered areas. For a given stony cover the effect of water concentration is quicker with the big blocks than with gravels. A series of graphs trying to relate theoretically the relative importance of sealing and water concentration processes in runoff generation, at various conditions of stone cover and stone size, is proposed. The graphs enable to reconcile the results of the present study with those of previous works.  相似文献   

中国干旱内陆流域水体 N、P负荷特征与动态变化——以黑河流域为例   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

王根绪  程国栋  钱鞠  常娟 《地球科学进展》2003,18(3):338-344

以黑河流域中游地区为研究区域，通过11年在不同河流断面的长期监测和区域内各类水体如地下水、泉水、水库和河流的空间选点取样分析，研究了干旱内陆流域水体 N、P等植物营养元素的负荷与时空分布及动态变化特征。浅层地下水与河水中NO₃-N含量普遍较高，含量超过 1．1 m g／L，大部分平原水库水中NH₄-N含量超过 0．3 m g／L；河水与浅层地下水TP、NH₄-N与NO₃-N含量均呈现沿流域从出山口至下游的显著递增变化，同时还具有明显的随时间递增趋势，其中NH₄-N含量在河流出山口及下游断面平均年增加幅度分别为 0．11 m g／L和 0．114 m g／L；流域水体 N、P含量的季节变化明显，黑河流域春季及春夏之交的枯水期大部分河段NH₄-N、NO₃-N和TP等要素含量为全年最高并出现水质超标污染。控制干旱内陆流域水域尤其是枯水期的 N、P污染，应成为干旱内陆流域水资源保护问题中值得关注的关键内容。  相似文献   

Modelling the spectral response of the desert tree Prosopis tamarugo to water stress     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2013

In this paper, we carried out a laboratory experiment to study changes in canopy reflectance of Tamarugo plants under controlled water stress. Tamarugo (Prosopis tamarugo Phil.) is an endemic and endangered tree species adapted to the hyper-arid conditions of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. Observed variation in reflectance during the day (due to leaf movements) as well as changes over the experimental period (due to water stress) were successfully modelled by using the Soil-Leaf-Canopy (SLC) radiative transfer model. Empirical canopy reflectance changes were mostly explained by the parameters leaf area index (LAI), leaf inclination distribution function (LIDF) and equivalent water thickness (EWT) as shown by the SLC simulations. Diurnal leaf movements observed in Tamarugo plants (as adaptation to decrease direct solar irradiation at the hottest time of the day) had an important effect on canopy reflectance and were explained by the LIDF parameter. The results suggest that remote sensing based assessment of this desert tree should consider LAI and canopy water content (CWC) as water stress indicators. Consequently, we tested fifteen different vegetation indices and spectral absorption features proposed in literature for detecting changes of LAI and CWC, considering the effect of LIDF variations. A sensitivity analysis was carried out using SLC simulations with a broad range of LAI, LIDF and EWT values. The Water Index was the most sensitive remote sensing feature for estimating CWC for values less than 0.036 g/cm², while the area under the curve for the spectral range 910–1070 nm was most sensitive for values higher than 0.036 g/cm². The red-edge chlorophyll index (CI_red-edge) performed the best for estimating LAI. Diurnal leaf movements had an effect on all remote sensing features tested, particularly on those for detecting changes in CWC.  相似文献   

The importance of being reliable – Local ecological knowledge and management of forage plants in a dryland pastoral system (Morocco)     

《Journal of Arid Environments》2013

In dryland rangelands with their high environmental variability, local ecological knowledge of forage plants is essential for management decisions. Ecological apparency hypothesis (EAH) predicts plants' availability and visibility to be important criteria for local valuation. However, EAH has mainly been tested in low-variability systems. We ask whether EAH is valid for forage plants in drylands; which other local criteria exist; and how criteria are connected to management decisions.In a Moroccan pastoral system, we applied a novel ethnobotanical method by calculating the Cognitive Salience Index (CSI) for plants' valuation (CSI_antro) and availability (CSI_eco). To evaluate explicit criteria, we correlated palatability and nutritive value to CSI_anthro. ANCOVAs related CSI_anthro to EAH criteria (CSI_eco and lifetime) and to plant occurrence on pasture types. We found EAH criteria to better predict CSI_antro than explicit criteria. Apparent plants from semi-arid pastures were more valued than those from arid pastures (HSD; p < 0.05). We introduce the criterion of reliability into EAH to explain this, and demonstrate how pastoralists adjust management decisions to resource reliability. Linking resource valuation to management decisions can thus improve our understanding of resilience mechanisms. Our study also confirms the validity of EAH for forage species and dryland environments.  相似文献   

Floods,drought, and seed mass of riparian plant species     

《Journal of Arid Environments》2013

Plant communities in dryland riparian ecosystems are influenced by flood disturbance and water availability. As global climate change alters stream flow regimes, there is increasing need to understand which traits allow plant species to persist under increased stress and disturbance. Small seed mass is part of a strategy that adapts for disturbance, but the role of seed mass as an adaptation for drought is less well documented. For dryland riparian plant communities, we asked, does seed mass vary with water availability and flood frequency? We compared community seed mass between sites that vary in flow permanence (longitudinal water gradient) and between hydrogeomorphic surfaces within sites (lateral gradients of moisture and disturbance). Using data from four rivers in Arizona, we contrasted seed mass between plant groups. We found community seed mass to be greater at sites with ephemeral than perennial flow, and to increase laterally from wet, frequently-flooded channel edges to dry, less disturbed terraces. Seed mass varied by moisture group (smallest for hydroriparian species) and by disturbance group (smallest for disturbance species), and showed a trend for being greater in introduced species. We conclude that small seed mass is independently associated with wet and disturbed conditions in dryland riparian ecosystems.  相似文献