Soil moisture dynamics in coastal savanna soils in the tropics under different soil management practices     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):1194-1202

Abstract

Soil moisture is important for crop cultivation and its adequacy to meet crop-water requirements is determined by the degree of soil management practised and the quantity of water applied to the soil. This study investigates soil moisture dynamics on three plots: Bare (clean, weeds removed), Weedy (kept weedy), and Mulched (cleared of weeds and fully covered with grass mulch) during rainy and dry periods at the Teaching and Research Farm at the University of Cape Coast, in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana. Soil moisture dynamics under different levels of soil compaction were also studied. A Massey Ferguson tractor (MF265) was used to compact the soil at various levels by making 0, 1, 5, 9 and 13 passes. During both the rainy and the dry periods, moisture retention in the soil under bare, weedy and mulched plots increased with depth. During the rainy period, the mean soil moisture retention was in the order: Mulched > Weedy > Bare at both 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths. Within a 7–day period, soil moisture measurements from a day after heavy rainfall (intensity > 7 mm h^?1) gave mean moisture losses of 2.7, 4.1 and 3.9% for the Bare, Weedy and Mulched plots, respectively. During the dry period, however, the mean soil moisture retention was of the order: Mulched > Bare > Weedy at both 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths. Mean moisture loss during a 7–day dry period was 4.5, 2.9 and 3.4% for the Bare, Weedy and Mulched plots, respectively. Under different levels of soil compaction, the mean moisture retention in the soil increased from 8.3% at 0 pass to 17.8% at 13 passes within the 0–20 cm depth, whilst it decreased from 13.3 to 5.9% from 0 to 13 passes, respectively, within the 20–40 cm depth. It was realized that at less than two passes, the mean soil moisture retention within the 0–20 cm depth was less than the mean moisture retention within the 20–40 cm depth, but the converse happened for more than two passes. The study showed that mulching the soil surface helped to retain enough soil moisture during both the rainy and the dry seasons. Also, soil with high sand content required some sort of soil compaction in order to retain enough moisture at the crop rooting zone.  相似文献   

Predicting Diel,Diurnal and Nocturnal Dynamics of Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll‐a Using Regression Models and Neural Networks     

Nusret Karakaya  Fatih Evrendilek  Kerem Gungor  Deniz Onal 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(9):872-877

Human‐induced and natural interruptions with continuous streams of observational data necessitate the development of gap‐filling and prediction strategies towards better understanding, monitoring and management of aquatic systems. This study quantified the efficacy of multiple non‐linear regression (MNLR) versus artificial neural network (ANN) models as well as the temporal partitioning of diurnal versus nocturnal data for the predictions of chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) and dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics. The temporal partitioning increased the predictive performances of the best MNLR models of diurnal DO by 45% and nocturnal DO by 4%, relative to the best diel MNLR model of diel DO ($r_{{\rm adj}}^{2} = 68.8\%$ ). The ANN‐based predictions had a higher predictive power than the MNLR‐based predictions for both chl‐a and DO except for diurnal DO dynamics. The best ANNs based on independent validations were multilayer perceptron (MLP) for diel chl‐a, generalized feedforward (GFF) for diurnal and nocturnal chl‐a, MLP for diel DO, GFF for diurnal DO, and MLP for nocturnal DO.  相似文献   

Interrelations between socio-economic development and environmental quality: a simulation integrating system dynamics models with GIS     

Yu Jie  Bian Fuling  Peterson Jim  Li Pingxiang 《地球空间信息科学学报》2013,16(3):176-182

System dynamics (SD) theory has long been deployed in modeling complex non-linear interrelationships but, so far it has not been common to do the kind of modeling in support of bringing environmental sustainability policies to practice. This is largely because the challenge of including spatial data has not yet been well met. Potential for adoption of SD and GIS methods in combination is exemplified with the results of a decision-support exercise designed for simulation and prediction of the dynamic inter-relationships between socio-economic development and environmental quality for the “Wen, Pi, Du” county in Sichuan province, southwestern China.  相似文献   

Contributions of Fuqing ZHANG to Predictability,Data Assimilation,and Dynamics of High Impact Weather: A Tribute     

Zhiyong MENG  Eugene E.CLOTHIAUX 《大气科学进展》2022,39(5):676-683

This article reviews Fuqing ZHANG’s contributions to mesoscale atmospheric science,from research to mentoring to academic service,over his 20-year career.His fundamental scientific contributions on predictability,data assimilation,and dynamics of high impact weather,especially gravity waves and tropical cyclones,are highlighted.His extremely generous efforts to efficiently transmit to the community new scientific knowledge and ideas through mentoring,interacting,workshop organizing,and reviewing are summarized.Special appreciation is given to his tremendous contributions to the development of mesoscale meteorology in China and the education of Chinese graduate students and young scientists.  相似文献   

Nonlinear pulsations of horizontal jets     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2021

A shallow-water model with horizontally nonuniform density is used to study the dynamics of jet flows that arise under the influence of buoyancy and the Coriolis force. Within this approach, the jet is described by a self-similar compactly-localized solution and interpreted as a band of shear flow having a temperature contrast with the ambient fluid. In addition to stationary states, the dynamics of such jets admit cyclonic rotation with a constant angular velocity and transverse nonlinear pulsations. The phase portrait corresponding to this model shows that regimes with pulsating jets develop along closed trajectories bounded by the separatrix loop. The theory predicts that the period for warm jet pulsations is longer than the inertial oscillation period caused by the Earth’s rotation, while for cold jet pulsations, it is shorter. Thus, only warm jets can have a noticeable effect on the atmospheric dynamics in the synoptic range. In particular, they may well be responsible for additional spectral peaks that appear in this range of wind speed fluctuations.  相似文献   

西秦岭新生代高钾质玄武岩流体组成及其地幔动力学意义   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1  

汤庆艳  张铭杰  李晓亚  李立武  何佩佩  林瑶 《岩石学报》2012,28(4):1251-1260

西秦岭新生代高钾质玄武岩是认识大陆碰撞俯冲体制下地幔流体组成及深部动力学的岩石探针。本文采用分步加热质谱法测定了西秦岭高钾质玄武岩中斑晶及基质的流体化学组成和碳同位素组成,结果表明流体组分在200~400℃、400~800℃和800~1200℃阶段性释出,以H₂O为主,其次为CO₂和SO₂,并含有相对较高的He含量。从橄榄石斑晶到斜长石斑晶和基质H₂O和CO₂逐步升高。橄榄石斑晶流体挥发份主要释气峰温度(900~1200℃)明显高于中国东部地幔捕虏体及其它地区超镁铁质岩体中的橄榄石,流体组份以SO₂和CO₂等氧化性组份为主,其CO₂的δ¹³C值(-26.21‰~-20.85‰,平均-23.32‰)和CH₄的δ¹³C值(-42.35‰~-38.17‰,平均-40.03‰)低于基质的δ¹³C_CO2值(-16.43‰~-11.67‰,平均-13.22‰)和δ¹³C_CH4值(-44.22‰~-34.03‰,平均-39.70‰)。基质中CO₂和CH₄碳同位素组成具有机质热裂解特征。原始岩浆的流体挥发份主要为SO₂、N₂和CO₂,可能起源于较深的混杂地幔源区、演化于高f_O2的环境。流体挥发份化学和同位素组成表明高钾质玄武岩浆挥发份中存在地幔和地壳来源组分,幔源岩浆上升演化过程中可能加入了大量的H₂O和CO₂等,可能存在碳酸岩岩浆的混合或岩浆穿透区域碳酸盐地层的混染;其中的再循环壳源组分可能为古特提斯洋闭合俯冲或其后华北克拉通与扬子克拉通碰撞相关的再循环壳源沉积物脱出的流体组分。  相似文献   

陕西凤太晚古生代拉分盆地动力学与金-多金属成矿   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

方维萱  黄转盈 《沉积学报》2012,30(3):405-421

采用沉积盆地构造-古地理位置恢复重建和构造-岩相学等新方法研究认为,凤太晚古生代沉积盆地属于受板块斜向俯冲碰撞动力学控制下的拉分盆地。在中泥盆世初期,凤太沉积盆地被周缘垂向基底隆起分隔,其成盆构造动力学主要受四组同生断层,晚古生代沉降中心和沉积中心不断发生迁移。中泥盆世中期在盆地北部形成了北西向沉降中心和沉积中心,晚泥盆世末期沉积盆地萎缩,沉降中心和沉积中心收缩于沉积盆地中心。石炭纪沉降中心和沉积中心从盆地中心迁移到盆地四周边缘的同生断裂带附近,在沉积盆地北侧边缘商丹带南侧,形成了石炭纪-早三叠世与俯冲消减带有关的楔状沉积充填体。在凤太拉分盆地中形成的近东西向、北北东向、近南北向和北西向网状同生断裂带系统共同控制了凤太泥盆纪拉分盆地形成与演化过程。其中,商丹带（西段）、礼县-凤县-凤镇-山阳同生断裂带（中段）和酒奠梁-镇安-板岩镇同生断裂带（西段）三个主控同生断裂带不但在泥盆纪期间对于凤太泥盆纪拉分盆地形成具有显著控制作用,而且石炭纪-早三叠世拉分盆地演化过程也具有十分重要的控制作用,石炭纪-早三叠世同生断裂带发生构造反转并控制了沉降中心和沉积中心。采用沉积盆地动力学和构造-岩相学等新方法研究认为,在凤太晚古生代拉分盆地具有分级特征,西部凤县二级盆地为金-多金属成矿集中区,东部太白二级盆地为金矿成矿集中区。在八方山-银母寺三级拉分盆地中,八方山和银母寺等多金属矿床与八卦庙超大型金矿床具有矿田尺度上成矿分带,主要由于三级盆地、同生断裂、热水沉积岩相和构造热流体叠加岩相控制了矿田和矿床尺度上金与多金属成矿分带。凤太拉分盆地北部和东部金矿矿源层和初步富集成矿形成主要与泥盆纪钠长岩相和钠质热水沉积岩相有关,并受钠长碳酸质角砾岩-铁白云石钠长石角砾岩等石炭纪构造-热流体岩相叠加;凤太拉分盆地南部温江寺三叠系浊积岩系中热水硅质岩相和层状英安质凝灰岩是卡林型金矿重要赋矿层位;凤太拉分盆地中部热水沉积-改造型铅锌矿主要与硅质岩相和菱铁矿铁白云岩相等热水沉积相密切有关。  相似文献   

盆地动力学研究综述及展望   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

解习农  任建业  雷超 《地质科技情报》2012,(5):76-84

沉积盆地是地球系统的浅层组成部分,是壳-幔、岩石圈-软流圈两级圈层相互作用的浅部表现形式。沉积盆地分析不仅可以揭示不同类型化石能源、沉积型层控矿产、砂岩型铀矿等资源的分布规律,为矿产勘探提供直接依据,而且可以为大地构造演化过程、重大构造事件、全球环境变迁及气候演变提供丰富资料和详细证据。当代盆地分析不断从单一沉积学分析拓展到综合分析,从静态要素分析拓展到过程和动力机制分析。盆地动力学研究内容包括3部分,即以沉积学分析为主的盆地充填动力学、以构造地质学分析为主的盆地形成演化动力学和多学科交叉的盆地流体动力学研究。近10多年来,盆地动力学研究在深水沉积学、高精度层序地层学、源-汇系统、源区剥蚀过程及其深部响应、大陆边缘盆地动力学及盆地流体动力学等方面取得了长足的进展。  相似文献   

A comprehensive survey of lignin geochemistry in the sedimentary organic matter along the Kapuas River (West Kalimantan, Indonesia)     

Pei Sun Loh  Chen-Tung Arthur ChenGusti Z. Anshari  Jough-Tai WangJiann-Yuh Lou  Shu-Lun Wang 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2012,43(1):118-129

In this first study of lignin geochemistry in the world’s longest river on an island, surface sediments were collected along the Kapuas River, three lakes in the upper river, a tributary in the lower river and a separate river during June-July 2007 and December 2007-January 2008. The samples were analyzed for lignin-derived phenols and bulk elemental and stable carbon isotope compositions. Λ values (the sum of eight lignin phenols, expressed as mg/100 mg organic carbon (OC)) ranged from 0.13 to 3.70. Ratios of syringyl/vanillyl (S/V) and cinnamyl/vanillyl (C/V) ranged from 0.34 to 1.18 and 0.28 to 1.40, respectively, indicating the presence of non-woody angiosperm tissues. The high vanillic acid to vanillin (Ad/Al)v (0.71-2.01) and syringic acid to syringaldehyde (Ad/Al)s (0.72-2.12) ratios indicate highly degraded lignin materials. In the upper Kapuas River, highly degraded soil materials discharged from lands that were barren as a result of deforestation activities were detected in the locations directly in those vicinities. The middle Kapuas River showed rapid organic matter degradation, probably due to the presence of fresh terrestrial and phytoplankton organic matter fueling the biogeochemical cycling. The Kapuas Kecil River, one of the two branches in the lower reach of the Kapuas River, showed higher levels and diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter due to input from anthropogenic sources and increased marine organic matter near the mouth. This study shows that different stretches along the river exhibit different levels and composition of sedimentary organic matter, as well as different carbon dynamics, which is directly attributable to the varying landscapes and quality of organic matter.  相似文献   

Population dynamics and tolerance to desiccation in a crustacean ostracod adapted to life in small ephemeral water bodies   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Josep A. Aguilar-Alberola  Francesc Mesquita-Joanes 《Limnologica》2011,41(4):348-355

Given their small size, isolation and unpredictability, temporary rockpools present high environmental stress and impoverished communities of species that have adapted to such stressful conditions. Special adaptations of the invertebrates living in these habitats include tolerance to desiccation and fast ontogenetic development in order to maintain stable populations and face high risk of extinction. Dozens of small rockpools (mostly with Ø < 1 m) can be found in east Spain on limestone substrate, where the only known Iberian populations of Heterocypris bosniacaPetkovski et al. (2000), an ostracod species with geographic parthenogenesis, have been recently found. In this survey, two of these rockpools have been monitored during the main hydroperiod between the fall of 2005 and summer 2006 to test the ability of H. bosniaca parthenogenetic populations to face unpredictable hydroperiod dynamics. Pools were visited weekly, and limnological data and ostracod samples were obtained from either water or substrate in dry periods. Ostracod individuals were counted and assigned to growth instars to monitor population changes. In the laboratory, experimental cultures allowed the estimation of survival dependence on the substrate desiccation rate. Throughout the hydrological cycle studied, several hatching periods were observed, usually preceded by desiccation, followed by substrate hydration and water dilution by rain. The demographic changes observed indicate that H. bosniaca populations are able to persist in intermittently inundated environments and produce several generations per annual hydrological cycle. In addition, adult individuals were able to survive in the wet mud of dry pools for longer than five weeks. The experimental data suggest a lower average survival time when exposed to desiccation processes, and that the velocity of substrate water loss is a determining factor for the survival rate of ostracods resisting dry events in temporary ponds. As shown by ostracods’ life histories in temporary aquatic environments undergoing unpredictable desiccation events, a combined strategy of adult tolerance to short periods of water scarcity and rapid hatching from resting egg banks can be advantageous for the monopolization of small-sized ephemeral habitats.  相似文献