Supporting USLE‐MM reliability by analyzing soil loss measurement errors          下载免费PDF全文

Vincenzo Bagarello  Vito Ferro 《水文研究》2017,31(4):847-853

Sampling the collected suspension in a storage tank is a common procedure to obtain soil loss data. A calibration curve of the tank has to be used to obtain actual concentration values from those measured by sampling. However, literature suggests that using a tank calibration curve was not a common procedure in the past. For the clay soil of the Sparacia (Italy) experimental station, this investigation aimed to establish a link between the relative performances of the USLE‐M and USLE‐MM models, usable to predict plot soil loss at the event temporal scale, and soil loss measurement errors. Using all available soil loss data, lower soil loss prediction errors were obtained with the USLE‐MM (exponent of the erosivity term, b₁ > 1) than the USLE‐M (b₁ = 1). A systematic error of the soil loss data is unexpected for the Sparacia soil because the calibration curve does not depend on the water level in the tank. In any case, this type of error does not have any effect on the b₁ exponent. Instead, this exponent decreases as the level of underestimation increases for increasing soil loss values. This type of error can occur at Sparacia if it is assumed that a soil loss measurement can be obtained by a bottle sampler dipped close to the bottom of the tank after mixing the suspension and assuming that the measured concentration coincides with the actual one. In this case, the risk is to obtain a lower b₁ value than the actual one. In conclusion, additional investigations on the factors determining errors in soil loss data collected by a sampling procedure are advisable because these errors can have a noticeable effect on the calibrated empirical models for soil loss prediction.  相似文献   

江苏省近50a气候干湿特征研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

赵晶  包云轩  张仁陟  孟翠丽  申双和 《大气科学学报》2014,37(5):623-630

根据江苏省1960—2009年54个气象台站常规气象观测资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了全省各地区50 a的逐日潜在蒸散量,结合逐日降水量,推算出了相对湿润度指数值,并采用国家标准《气象干旱等级》(GB/T20481-2006)中的相对湿润度分级指标对全省干湿状况进行了评估,分析其时空变化特征。研究表明:1)就全年而言,江苏省半干旱区与湿润区各占50%左右的面积,其中淮北、江淮北部、苏北沿海的北部为半干旱区,江淮南部、苏北沿海的南部、沿江、苏南地区为湿润区;2)降水量和潜在蒸散量是影响相对湿润度指数的两个关键因子,降水量的变化对相对湿润度的时空分布起着主导作用,潜在蒸散量起着辅助作用。3)江苏省1 a中冬季的南北气候干湿反差最大、夏季最小,湿润区范围夏季最大、秋季最小,半干旱区范围秋季最大、夏季没有,干旱区范围春季最大、夏季和秋季没有。夏季气候最湿润、春季气候最干燥。4)淮北和苏北沿海地区的相对湿润度指数年变化呈"单峰型",江淮、沿江和苏南地区的年变化呈"双峰型",苏北沿海地区相对湿润度年内变化最大,沿江地区最小。  相似文献   

An evaluation of the universal soil loss equation and field techniques for assessing soil erosion on a tropical alfisol in western Nigeria     

P. W. Mtakwa  R. Lal  R. B. Sharma 《水文研究》1987,1(2):199-209

Four techniques for soil erosion assessment were compared over two consecutive seasons for bare-fallow plots and a maize-cowpea sequence in 1985 at IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. The techniques used were: tracer (aluminium paint), nails (16 and 25), the rill method, and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Soil loss estimated by these techniques was compared with that determined using the runoff plot technique. There was significantly more soil loss (P < 0·01) in bare-fallow than in plots under maize (Zea mays) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). In the first season, soil loss from plots sown to maize was 40·2 Mg ha^?1 compared with 153·3 Mg ha^?1 from bare-fallow plots. In the second season, bare-fallow plots lost 87·5 Mg ha^?1 against 39·4 Mg ha^?1 lost from plots growing cowpea. The techniques used for assessing erosion had no influence on the magnitude of soil erosion and did not interfere with the processes of erosion. There was no significant difference (P < 0·05) between soil erosion determined by the nails and the runoff plot technique. Soil loss determined on six plots (three under maize, three bare-fallow) by the rill technique, at the end of the season, was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than that determined by the runoff plot technique. The soil loss estimated by the rill method was 143·2, 108·8 and 121·9 Mg ha^?1 for 11, 11, and 8 per cent slopes respectively, in comparison with 201·5, 162·0, and 166·4 Mg ha^?1 measured by the runoff plot method. Soil loss measured on three bare-fallow plots on 10 different dates by the rill technique was also significantly lower (P < 0·01) than that measured by the runoff plot. In the first season the USLE significantly underestimated soil loss. On 11, 11, and 8 per cent slopes, respectively, soil loss determined by the USLE was 77, 92, and 63 per cent of that measured by the runoff plot. However, in the second season there was no significant difference between soil loss determined by the USLE and that determined by the conventional runoff plot technique.  相似文献   

The compressibility of Fe- and Al-bearing phase D to 30 GPa     

Konstantin D. Litasov  Eiji Ohtani  Akio Suzuki  Kenichi Funakoshi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(3):159-167

High-pressure in situ X-ray diffraction experiment of Fe- and Al-bearing phase D (Mg_0.89Fe_0.14Al_0.25Si_1.56H_2.93O₆) has been carried out to 30.5 GPa at room temperature using multianvil apparatus. Fitting a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state to the P–V data yields values of V ₀ = 86.10 ± 0.05 ų; K ₀ = 136.5 ± 3.3 GPa and K′ = 6.32 ± 0.30. If K′ is fixed at 4.0 K ₀ = 157.0 ± 0.7 GPa, which is 6% smaller than Fe–Al free phase D reported previously. Analysis of axial compressibilities reveals that the c-axis is almost twice as compressible (K _c  = 93.6 ± 1.1 GPa) as the a-axis (K _a  = 173.8 ± 2.2 GPa). Above 25 GPa the c/a ratio becomes pressure independent. No compressibility anomalies related to the structural transitions of H-atoms were observed in the pressure range to 30 GPa. The density reduction of hydrated subducting slab would be significant if the modal amount of phase D exceeds 10%.  相似文献   

New high-pressure phases in BaCO<Subscript>3</Subscript>     

Shigeaki Ono 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(4):215-221

Barium carbonate (BaCO₃) was examined in a diamond anvil cell up to a pressure of 73 GPa using an in situ angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction technique. Three new phases of BaCO₃ were observed at pressures >10 GPa. From 10 to 24 GPa, BaCO₃-IV had a post-aragonite structure with space group Pmmn. There are two molecules in a single unit cell (Z = 2) of the orthorhombic phase, which is same as the high-pressure phases of CaCO₃ and SrCO₃. The isothermal bulk modulus of BaCO₃-IV is K ₀ = 84(4) GPa, with V ₀ = 129.0(7) Å³ when K ₀′ = 4. The c axis of the unit cell parameter is less compressible than the a and b axes. The relative change in volume that accompanies the transformation between BaCO₃-III and BaCO₃-IV is ～6%. BaCO₃-V, which has an orthorhombic symmetry, was synthesized at 50 GPa. As the pressure increases, BaCO₃-V is transformed into tetragonal BaCO₃-VI. This transformation is likely to be second order, because the diffraction pattern of BaCO₃-V is similar to that of BaCO₃-VI, and some single peaks in BaCO₃-VI become doublets in BaCO₃-V. After decompression, the new high-pressure phases transform into BaCO₃-II. Our findings resolve a dispute regarding the stable high-pressure phases of BaCO₃.  相似文献   

放牧对退化草地近地面辐射的影响     

李小院  张圣微  王帅  李瑞燊  赵星宇  刘敏敏 《中国沙漠》2022,42(1):223-233

随着环境变化,草原地表状态也会改变,尤其是近地面能量收支过程变化更明显。为深入理解半干旱草原地表辐射能量平衡过程对放牧的响应特征,利用内蒙古正镶白旗典型退化草原2020年生长季（6—10月）的辐射通量观测资料,对比分析了禁牧、放牧草地太阳总辐射、地表反射辐射、大气长波辐射、地表长波辐射、净辐射以及地表反照率的日变化和生长季变化规律的差异。结果表明：在生长季,太阳总辐射随着时间推进逐月递减;禁牧区的地表反射辐射总体小于放牧区;各月大气长波辐射日变化幅度很小,处于130—370 W·m^-2;禁牧、放牧条件下地表长波辐射存在明显的季节变化规律,但是二者之间的差异甚微。内蒙古典型退化草原生长季近地面辐射通量有显著单峰型日变化特征。禁牧、放牧草地地表反照率都呈现“U”型日变化规律。生长季放牧草地的反照率明显高于禁牧草地。在禁牧区,辐射分量（地表反射辐射、大气长波辐射）和植被指数（归一化差异植被指数）对净辐射的影响是正向极显著的;而地表反照率和另一辐射分量（地表长波辐射）对净辐射有显著的负向作用。在放牧区,地表反射辐射和大气长波辐射对净辐射有极显著的正向作用;而地表反照率和地表长波辐射对净辐射的作用则是负向显著的。植被状况是影响内蒙古典型退化草原近地表辐射能量收支过程的首要因子。  相似文献   

两种类型中尺度涡旋Rossby波的相速度及其物理机制   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

沈新勇 《气象科学》2006,26(4):355-364

本文使用正压浅水方程组以及纬向切变基流下二维中尺度横波型扰动的Bouss-inesq近似方程组,分析了这种沿着基本气流方向传播的中尺度扰动的波动传播物理过程。研究结果表明,中尺度涡旋Rossby波划分为两种类型。由于纬向基本气流的方向的二阶水平切变或者基本气流的垂直涡度在南北方向的变化(β*因子)所导致的涡旋Rossby波称之为第一类涡旋Rossby波(正压涡旋Rossby波),它产生的根本原因是β*因子的作用。这种第一类涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流-U0是单向传播的,其传播方向则与β*因子的正负符号有关。基本气流在垂直方向上的风速切变对于中尺度横波型的扰动起着不稳定的作用。如果考虑基流的二次垂直切变时,可以得到第二类涡旋Rossby波(斜压涡旋Rossby波)的相速度表达式,第二类涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速-U的二次垂直切变或者基本流场y方向的平均涡度在空间z方向上的不均匀性(亦即β**因子)。第二类涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流-U0也是单向传播的,其相速度与纬向波数k有关,能量是频散的,在纬向x方向存在群速度。在基本流场的风速-U存在二次垂直切变时,横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby-重力波的不稳定;而当基本流场的风速-U仅仅存在线性切变,不存在二次垂直切变时,此时根本不存在涡旋Rossby波,横波型扰动的不稳定则仅仅是重力惯性波的不稳定。最后利用横波型扰动的总涡度守恒方程对第二类涡旋Rossby波形成的物理机制做出了解释。  相似文献   

Bulk modulus of Fe-rich olivines corrected for non-hydrostaticity     

Frédéric Béjina  Misha Bystricky  Nicolas Tercé  Matthew L. Whitaker  Haiyan Chen 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2019,351(2-3):86-94

In situ X-ray diffraction was used to measure the isothermal bulk modulus at room conditions (K_T0) of synthetic olivines with different iron contents. The chemical formulae of the olivine samples were ${({\mathrm{Fe}}_x,{\mathrm{Mg}}_{1?x})}_2\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_4$ with x = 0.45; 0.64; 0.82; 1, with 1% standard deviation (referenced as Fa45, Fa64, Fa82 and Fa100, respectively). All experiments were performed in the multi-anvil apparatus installed at NSLS beamline X17B2, to pressures up to about 7 GPa. Unit-cell volumes under hydrostatic conditions and differential stresses present in the samples were calculated using the method developed by Singh et al. (1998), and pressures measured using NaCl as a standard were then corrected for these stresses. Using a second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, we obtained the isothermal bulk modulus of each composition: $K_{T0}^{\mathrm{Fa45}}=131.4\pm 2.6$ GPa, $K_{T0}^{\mathrm{Fa64}}=132.1\pm 3.1$ GPa, $K_{T0}^{\mathrm{Fa82}}=136.3\pm 1.7$ GPa and $K_{T0}^{\mathrm{Fa100}}=134.8\pm 1.4$ GPa. These values combined with data available in the literature show that the K_T0 of Fe-rich olivines increases very slowly with the Fe content, but possibly not in a simple linear trend.  相似文献   

Thermodynamic mixing properties of olivine derived from lattice vibrations     

Michel Henricus Gerardus Jacobs  Bernard H. W. S. de Jong 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(7):365-389

We use a lattice vibrational technique to derive thermophysical and thermochemical properties of fayalite, Fe₂SiO₄. This semi-empirical technique is based on an extension of Kieffer’s model to incorporate details of the phonon spectrum. It includes treatment of intrinsic anharmonicity and electronic effects based on crystal field theory. We extend it to predict thermodynamic mixing properties of olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ solid solutions by using results of our previous work on the system MgO–SiO₂. Achieving this requires a relation between phonon frequency and composition and a composition relation for the energy of the static lattice. Directed by experimental Raman spectroscopic data for specific optic modes in magnesium–iron solid solutions of olivine and pyroxene we use an empirical relation for the composition dependence for phonon frequencies. We show that lattice vibrations have a large effect on the excess entropy and that the static lattice contribution and lattice vibrations have a large impact on excess enthalpy and excess Gibbs energy. Our model indicates that compositional effects in electronic and magnetic properties are negligible. The compositional variation the Néel temperature has a large impact on excess heat capacity for temperatures below 100 K.  相似文献   

Measuring the surface roughness of geological rock surfaces in SAR data using fractal geometry     

Ali Ghafouri  Jalal Amini  Mojtaba Dehmollaian  Mohammad Ali Kavoosi 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2017,349(3):114-125

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